Torsion Technologies Are Technologies of The XXIst Century, A.E.Akimov, Russia 2
The Antigravitational Platform, Review 12
Potapov’s Vortex Heat Generator, Yu.S.Potapov 15
Fuelless Air Combustion, Alexander V. Frolov 17
A Free Energy Generator, Zoltan Losonc, Hungary 19
Society for Development of Free Energy Technologies (GFE, Germany) 25
The “Confined B
field” Homopolar Dynamotor, J. Guala
Valverde,
and Pedro Mazzoni, Argentina 28
A Hydroelectric Heat Generator, F.M. Kanarev, Russia 34
Conversion of Environmental Energy, B.M.Kondrashov, Russia 39
The World of Free Energy, Peter Lindemann, USA 46
The LUTEC Free Energy Generator, Australia 54
Pulsed Direct Current for Light Circuits, Gary Magratten, USA 56
Patent Applications on Thermo
Gravitation, Russia 61
An Electrogravitational Engine 62
“BREEZE 5000” Wind Energy Installation, T.A Pungas, Russia 63
Silicon
Based Power Engineering 65
A Method of Extraction (Restitution) of Energy, V.F Markelov, Russia 66
Asymmetric Capacitors, Alexander V. Frolov 73
Force on An Asymmetric Capacitor, Chris Fazi, США 75
The Working Principle of Frolov’s T
Capacitor, Zoltan Losonc, Hungary 76
A Precession Free Energy Generator, V.I. Bogomolov, Russia 83
On The Way To A New Astronautics, A.V. Perfiliev, Russia 89
An Energy Converter, Review 91
CD “New Energy Technologies” 92
What Ever Happened To Black Light Power? Patrick Bailey, USA 95
The subscriber’s page 96
Magazine
CONTENTS
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Scientific news on advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy technologies
Issue #1 (16) January-March 2004
Publisher: Faraday Lab Ltd
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New Energy Technologies
2 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Torsion Technologies Are Technologies
Of The XXIst Century
Over the past three hundred years
scientists have been aware of two uni

versal long
range types of field: grav

itational and electromagnetic fields.
The significance of universal long

range fields can be easily manifested
by the example of electromagnetic
fields. The twentieth century clearly
showed that it is difficult to find any
technical, scientific or household
problem which could not be solved
by means of electromagnetism. The
fields of its implementation include
the electric power industry, electric
transport, radio communication,
computers, navigation, etc. Take a
look at your apartment and you are
sure to see an electromagnetic device,
be it a refrigerator, a TV, a vacuum
cleaner, a microwave oven and so on.
When a patient enters a physiother

apy room, he is greeted by a lot of
equipment, most of which are elec

tromagnetic instruments. Not a sin

gle universal long
range field that can
find such an impressive list of practical
applications as electromagnetism has
been discovered for the last three
hundred years.
At the beginning of the twentieth cen

tury a French scientist, E. Cartan, pos

tulated the existence of torsion fields
in nature, i.e. fields generated by the
angular momentum of rotation [1].
Before spin was discovered, the nature
of the torsion field had been explained
by the rotation of huge objects. With

in the framework of such an approach,
torsion fields are viewed as a manifes

tation of a gravitational field of huge
rotating objects [2]. Later on, when
spin, a quantum analog of the angular
momentum of rotation, was discov

ered, it became clear that torsion
fields, unlike electromagnetic fields
generated by charges and gravitation

al fields generated by mass, at quan

tum level are generated by spin. From
this standpoint, torsion fields can be
viewed as independent physical ob

jects similar to electromagnetic and
gravitational fields.
By the mid
1970s, the theoretical re

search into torsion fields had result

ed in the appearance of an independ

ent line of theoretical physics called
the Einstein
Cartan theory. Practi

cally all the experts working within
the framework of the Einstein
Car

tan Theory postulate that torsion
fields are but a specific manifestation
of gravitational fields. The most
prominent of these experts are E.
Fradkin, D. Gitman, V. Ponomarev
and U. Obukhov from Russia, R.
Hammond from the USA, R. Hehl
from Germany, V. De Sabbata and
C. Sivaram from Italy, M. Karmeli
from Israel and others.
The Einstein
Cartan Theory has re

mained a theoretical discipline that
has not found practical application
since it proved that torsion fields are
weak and cannot cause the creation
of visible phenomena or effects. It was
not until the 80s, that G. Shipov cre

ated the Theory of The Physical Vac

uum (TPV). It proved the Einstein

Cartan theory to be a phenomenolog

ical theory, primarily due to its
relation to the phenomenological na

ture of Cartan's geometry. A funda

mental theory of torsion fields based
on Ricci's geometry was developed
within the framework of the Theory
of The Physical Vacuum. The theory
Note: the article is published with minor abridgements.
Director General of the International Institute
of Theoretical and Applied Physics of the
Russian Academy of Natural Sciences,
A. AKIMOV, Ph.D.
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 3
of torsion fields in TPV does not impose any re

strictions on the constant of spin
torsion interac

tions, i.e. torsion fields can manifest themselves
intensively. It is worth noting that even the Ein

stein
Cartan Theory does not impose any restric

tions on the constant of spin
torsion interactions
for dynamic torsion (for radiating torsion sourc

es). This does not prove that torsion fields have
strong manifestations. The importance of this lies
in the fact that the theory does not demand that
the constant of spin
torsion interactions necessar

ily be small. In this case, the answer to the ques

tion as to whether this constant is small or big and,
consequently, whether possible effects are strong
or weak, can be obtained only by means of direct
experimental measurements.
What is the basic interpretation of the Physical
Vacuum? Imagine a limited volume of space from
which the air is removed. Traditionally, we would
say there is nothing there, which means that there
is a vacuum. However, according to modern un

derstanding, this space represents a technical vac

uum since, physically speaking, it is not totally
empty. Let us imagine now that we have managed
to remove all the fundamental particles from this
space and to screen it so that no particles from out

side can get in. But even in this case, from the point
of view of modern physics, it is impossible to assert
that the space is empty. So
called virtual electron

positron pairs can appear at random locations of
this volume of space. Material objects, which are
electron
positron pairs, cannot appear from no

where. They can only be produced by a substance
of some sort, and if we do not register it directly in
the specified space, from which the virtual pairs
arise, this will indicate that we are dealing with a
specific substance that cannot be observed under
usual conditions. This specific substance was called
the Physical Vacuum. Apart from producing elec

tron
positron pairs, the Physical Vacuum manifests
itself in a number of experimentally observed phe

nomena. The Physical Vacuum is known to mani

fest itself in the so
called Lemb Shift in a hyperfine
structure of hydrogen atom radiation, determining
the so
called Kazemir Effect.
The standard interpretation describes the Physi

cal Vacuum as a complex quantum dynamic object,
which manifests itself through fluctuations. Such
an approach of scientific description of the Physi

cal Vacuum derives from the concept of S. Win

berg, A. Salam and S. Glashow. G. Shipov's Theory
of the Physical Vacuum is based on rigorous fun

damental postulates. This theory provides an ana

lytical description of the Physical Vacuum on the
basis of three vacuum equations: the equation of
Einstein, the equation of Geisenberg and the equa

tion of Young
Mills, representing the structural
equations of Weitzenbock's geometry. G. Shipov's
Theory of the Physical Vacuum has allowed us to
reconsider the structure of creation. Reality, of
which we are an integral part, is divided into seven
hierarchical levels.
The topmost level, the Absolute Nothing, is a lev

el which does not have any strict analytical de

scription within the framework of the Theory of
the Physical Vacuum. The problem will need to
be solved by future theories. However, there are
grounds to believe that this level of reality con

tains information defining the necessity of gen

erating a subsequent level of reality to determine
the way (laws) this generation should take place,
which, in its turn, determines the properties of still
another level of reality. Shipov called this next
level of reality a “primary torsion field”. A prima

ry torsion field is a special form of existence of
substance, representing quantum vortices that
do not possess and transmit energy. These
quantum vortices interact on the level of infor

mation. If there is no quantum vortice interaction
energy in the primary torsion field, the perturba

tion transfer rate in the medium of this level can
only equal infinity. The primary torsion field
should contain information defining the necessi

ty of generating the subsequent level of reality,
which determines the way (laws) this generation
should take place, which, in its turn, determines
the properties of still another level of reality. This
level of reality is known to modern physics as the
Physical Vacuum. The Physical Vacuum might
have a lot of components and various structural
elements. As well as the primary torsion field, it
contains ring vortex structures that do not trans

fer energy. Perturbation propagates instantly in
the Physical Vacuum, i.e. its speed equals infinity.
The properties of the Physical Vacuum must in

clude information, defining the mechanism of orig

inating virtual pairs of specific rather than some

what random particles and antiparticles. Particles
that originate from the Physical Vacuum con

stitute the following level of the hierarchy of
reality, i.e. plasma. Properties of such particles
as electrons, protons and neutrons, coupled with
those of the Physical Vacuum, with which they
interact, determine the appearance of specific
rather than random atoms generated from the
specified particles. These atoms and the molecules
they make up constitute the following three levels
4 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
of reality, depending on the state of the phase —
gases, fluids and solids. Shipov called the four low

er levels of this seven
leveled reality structure
“Objective Physics”, which is a subject of tradi

tional schools of Physics. The upper two levels
were called “Subjective Physics”. A number of
theoretical experimental results testify to the fact
that these two levels, together with the level of
the Physical Vacuum, are responsible not only for
many physical phenomena and processes, but also
play a role of primary importance in human con

sciousness. It is possible that the Absolute Noth

ing is a level connected with the global mani

festation of the Spirit as a cosmic factor. The
level of the Spirit needs to be creative and strong

willed. The inevitability of the existence of the
creative nature of the Spirit is determined by the
fact that the whole vertical structure and proper

ties of all the horizontal levels need to be first “for

mulated” at the level of Absolute Nothing. The
inevitability of the volitional nature of the Spirit
of the Absolute Nothing level is determined by
the fact that there must have been an Impulse that
started the mechanism of creation of the above

mentioned reality levels. In the end, it turned out
that the Theory of the Physical Vacuum, as well
as the physical models constructed, not only
gives ground to set up a Physics of Conscious

ness, but also allows us to approach physical
representations of the role of the Spirit.
Phenomenological models of the Physical Vacu

um appeared in Russia in the early 1980s and lat

er turned out to correspond to the conclusions of
the Theory of the Physical Vacuum. The fact that
these models did not contradict to known experi

mental results was also of great importance.
When models of the Physical Vacuum were cre

ated it was considered expedient to return to the
electron
positron model of P. Dirac in its changed
interpretation. This approach may be considered
justified if it allows us to formulate conclusions
that do not follow directly from standard notions.
At the same time, by considering the vacuum as a
state without particles, and, proceeding from the
model of the classical spin, which Ya. Frenkel and
I. Ternov consider to be a ring undulatory package
(a circulating energy flow, according to Belinfan

te's terminology [6]), we shall view the vacuum as
a system consisting of ring undulatory packages
corresponding to electrons and positrons, rather
than electron
positron pairs carrying information
about the properties of these particles.
It follows from the above suggestions that the true
electroneutrality of such an electron
positron vac

uum will only be possible if the ring undulatory
packages of electrons and positrons are enclosed
one into another, as you see it in Fig. 1A. If the
spins of these enclosed ring packages are opposite
each other, such a system will be self
compensat

ed not only with respect to charges, but also with
respect to the classical spin and magnetic moment.
The system comprising the enclosed ring undula

tory packages, as is shown in Fig. 1A, will be re

ferred to as a fiton.
Let us consider the most practically important cas

es of Physical Vacuum perturbation by different
external sources within the framework of the pro

posed model. This may help demonstrate the fea

sibility of the suggested approach.
1. Let the charge (q) be the perturbation
source. If the vacuum has a fiton structure,
the activity of the charge will be expressed
in the charge polarization of the Physical
Vacuum, as is shown in Fig. 1C. This case is
well known in quantum electrodynamics. In
particular, the Lemb Shift is traditionally
explained through charge polarization of the
electron
positron Physical Vacuum.
2. Let the mass (m) be the perturbation source.
Unlike the previous case, where we face a
well
known situation, we will come up with
a hypothetical supposition here. Perturba

tion of the Physical Vacuum by the mass m
will be expressed in symmetric oscillations
of the fiton elements along the axis on the
center of the object of perturbation, as is
shown in Fig. 1D. Such a state of the Physi

cal Vacuum can be characterized as a gravi

tational field (G
field).
If the mechanism of gravitation really relates
to longitudinal spin polarization of the Phys

ical Vacuum, we will have to admit then that
the nature of gravitation bans precludes ex

istence of antigravity.
3. Let the classical spin be the perturbation
source. Presumably, the action of the classi

cal spin on the Physical Vacuum will consist
in the following. If the source has a spin ori

ented in the manner shown in Fig. 1e, spins
of fitons that coincide with the orientation of
the source's spin retain their orientation.
Spins of fitons that are opposite to the
source's spin undergo an inversion enforced
by the activity of the source. As a result, the
Physical Vacuum will adopt a state of trans

verse spin polarization. This polarization state
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 5
can be interpreted as a spin field (S
field), a
field generated by the classical spin, i.e. a tor

sion field. The above approach tallies with no

tions of torsion fields as a condensate of fer

mion pairs.
The SR and SL polarization spin states contradict
Pauli's exclusion. However, according to Acade

mician M. Makarov’ concept [7], fundamental
physical laws can alternate at densities close to
Planck's densities. Rejection of Pauli's exclusion
in a specific material medium, such as the Physi

cal Vacuum, is permissible, and probably to no less
extent than it is the case with the concept of
quarks.
According to the above approach, we can state
that the uniform medium, the Physical Vacuum,
can be in a different phase, or, to be more precise,
polarization states, i.e. EGS states. This medium
in the state of charge polarization manifests itself
as an electromagnetic field (Е). The same medi

um in the state of spin longitudinal polarization
manifests itself as a gravitational field (G). Final

ly, the Physical Vacuum in the state of spin trans

verse polarization manifests itself as a spin (tor

sion) field (S). Thus, EGS
fields correspond to the
EGS
polarization states of the Physical Vacuum.
In the early 1980s, A. Akimov predicted and ex

perimentally confirmed the existence of a spe

cial class of torsion fields — electrotorsion fields
[9]. In the mid
1990s, the author of the Theory of
the Physical Vacuum, G. Shipov, gave a fundamen

tally rigorous substantiation of electrotorsion
fields [3].
The model of polarization states of the Physical
Vacuum has allowed us to establish an important
circumstance. It has already been reported that a
torsion field can be registered in cases when the
Physical Vacuum adopts a state of spin transverse
polarization. However, we can formulate a more
general approach based on synergetic criteria. Pre

sumably, a torsion field can be registered in all cas

es when the Physical Vacuum is in a non
equilibri

um spin state.
It is clear that the charge scission of fitons also
causes spin spatial scission in the process of charge
polarization of the Physical Vacuum, as you see
in Fig. 1c. As a result, the spins appear to be non

compensated, which is an equivalent of the tor

sion component in an electromagnetic field. Grav

itational and torsion fields manifest themselves
“purely”, whereas electromagnetic fields always
contain a torsion component, which is an impor

tant fundamental fact. A torsion field can be ob

served both in an electrostatic field and in elec

tromagnetic radiation.
The inability to understand this has frequently re

sulted to that many tried to explain phenomena
generated by electromagnetic sources by means
of electromagnetic phenomena. In this connection,
it is necessary to mention the works of explorer
Zen Kanzhen, inventor Hideo Uchida, etc. Uch

ida experimentally proved [8] that a device, which
he had designed responded when the generator
was switched on at a frequency of 13.0 GHz, with
the detector shielded and waveguide outlet closed
by a metal blank flange. It is possible to explain
this phenomenon considering the fact that the
electromagnetic signal in the waveguide excites a
torsion signal at the same frequency and that the
latter is not screened.
а) Phyton
b) Phyton structure
of Physical Vacuum
Еfield
Sfield
Gfield
q
c) Charge polarization of Physical Vacuum
m
d) Longitudial spin polarization of Physical Vacuum
SR
SL
SR
SL
e) Transverse spin polarization of Physical Vacuum
Fig. 1. Diagrams of polarization states
of the Physical Vacuum
6 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
It is noteworthy that the reaction of operators of
biological detectors to electromagnetic radiation
is probably connected with the specified ability of
an electromagnetic field to generate a torsion com

ponent.
Shipov’s fundamental theory of torsion fields [3],
which has allowed us to show the possibility of
intensive manifestation of torsion fields, and,
hence, provided us with the opportunity to ob

serve strong effects, and, consequently, to solve a
wide range of applied problems, has played a very
important role in the new revolution in physics.
The creation of the world’s first torsion genera

tors in Russia in the 1980s [9] was a landmark of
this new revolution. A torsion generator is a de

vice generating static torsion fields and undula

tory torsion radiation. A number of laboratories
united under the auspices of the International
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Physics (Rus

sia, Moscow), which is working on a considerable
number of projects together with TORTECH
USA, have made more than 20 torsion generators
of different design over the past 20 years.
The torsion generators make up two groups of de

vices. The first group includes torsion generators
that create static torsion fields of variable inten

sity and spatial configuration, with different spac

ing and range. The other group consists of torsion
generators that create undulatory torsion radia

tion of various intensity, different frequencies
(with a frequency range from a fraction of a hertz
up to hundreds of gigahertz), different frequency
spectrums, different types of modulation, and dif

ferent methods of sending information to differ

ent objects. Universal torsion generators have
been designed, which, apart from undulatory tor

sion radiation, can create static torsion fields and
torsion currents. In some practical situations, dif

ferent types of torsion generators have to be used
simultaneously.
For 20 years, torsion fields and torsion generators
have been widely used to create torsion energy sourc

es, torsion transport, torsion metallurgy, torsion sys

tems of data transfer communication, torsion sys

tems of medical diagnostics, etc. [10]. The feasibili

ty and practical effectiveness of torsion fields has
been experimentally proved in a number of areas of
application. In some fields, that use torsion technol

ogies (such as nuclear waste processing), a scientific
foundation has been laid and preliminary experimen

tal results have been achieved. Technological expe

rience has been gained in some areas.
The peculiar features of a torsion field's properties
to a great extent entrain the significant efficiency
of torsion technologies and simplicity of the phys

ical and technical means that implement these tech

nologies. I will only outline their basic properties.
However, it is noteworthy that all the properties
of torsion fields were predicted theoretically and
have been confirmed experimentally.
1. Classical spin or macroscopic rotation is the
source of torsion fields. A torsion field can be
generated by torsion of space or arise as a con

sequence of perturbation of Physical Vacu

um of a geometrical or topological nature. It
also can arise as an integral component of elec

tromagnetic field. Torsion field can be of self

generating nature.
The above cases describe torsion fields gener

ated at the level of matter. However, accord

ing to the Theory of the Physical Vacuum,
there are primary torsion fields that are gen

erated by Absolute Nothingness. Compared
with the source material of the world of mat

ter, the fundamental particles appear from
Physical Vacuum, which, in turn, arises from
the primary torsion field.
2. Tordions are quanta of torsion fields. There
are grounds to believe that tordions are neu

trinos with energy as low as unities of eV.
These neutrinos make up a special class.
3. Since torsion fields are generated by the clas

sical spin, its influence on this or that object
is confined only to changing its spin state (the
state of nuclear or atomic spins).
4. Unlike sources of electromagnetic and grav

itational fields, which create fields with
central symmetry, sources of torsion fields
create fields with axial symmetry, as shown
in Fig. 2.
A spinning object establishes polarization in
two spatial cones corresponding to the left
torsion field (SL) in one direction and the
right torsion field Fig. 2 (SR) in the other.
Moreover, there is an area of the torsion field
that looks like a disk that is perpendicular to
the spin axis and passes through the spin cent

er. The axial torsion field appears in the areas
described as cones (Ta), while the radial tor

sion field (Tr) arises in the disk. Each of these
torsion fields can be either right (ТaR, ТrR) or
left (TaL, ТrL).
5. Compared to electrical charges, like torsion
charges (like classical spins (SRSR or SLSL))
attract, while unlike charges (SRSL) repel.
6. A stationary spinning object creates a static
torsion field. If the spinning object has non

New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 7
equilibrium, that is features a change of an

gular rotational velocity, precession, nutation
or moments of greater order in massive ob

jects and a non
uniform distribution of mass

es with respect to the spin axis, then such a
dynamic spinning object creates undulatory
torsion radiation.
7. A static torsion field has a limited range of rо
where the intensity of the torsion field may
slightly vary, remaining almost the same as
you can see in Fig. 3. Conventionally, by anal

ogy with electromagnetism, although the
physics of processes is different here, we can
call the ro range a short
range zone. Undula

tory torsion radiation is not limited by the rо
range and its intensity does not depend on
the distance.
8. The potential of torsion fields identically
equals zero, which proves that they are not
energetic in nature. This is one of the factors
that explain why torsion signals (torsion in

fluence) are transferred informationally rath

er than energetically, i.e. without transmis

sion of energy and at superlight (infinite) ve

locity.
9. The Physical Vacuum is the medium in which
torsion radiation propagates. Its relation to
torsion waves can be compared with a holo

graphic medium. In this medium, torsion
waves propagate through the phase portrait
of a hologram. This is the second fundamen

tal physical factor that explains the informa

tional rather than energetic nature of signals
transfer, as well as the indefinitely great trans

fer rate.
10. The constant of spin
torsion interactions, in
relation to static torsion fields with Cartan's
torsion, is less than 10–50, according to the
existing assessments, i.e. such fields cannot
produce effects that can be observed. Theo

retically, the constant of spin
torsion inter

actions, as regards undulatory torsion fields
with Cartan's torsion (dynamic torsion), is not
limited. As far as torsion fields with Ricci's or
Weitzenbock's torsion are concerned, they also
have no restrictions as to the value of the con

stant of interactions, and, hence, to the intensi

ty of manifestation of these fields. Torsion fields
with torsion that is generated as a component
of electromagnetic fields (electrotorsion inter

action) have a value of the constant of interac

tions amounting to 10–3 – 10–4 [3]. This is a
theoretical value that has been experimental

ly confirmed by Professor R. Kuzmin.
11. Since the constant of electrotorsion interac

tions (10–3 – 10–4) is slightly less than that of
electromagnetic interactions (~7.3·10–3), in
natural conditions such a torsion influence
can cause observable changes only in objects
in a non
equilibrium state, for example, phase
transitions that attenuate electromagnetic
connections.
12. A torsion field passes through natural medi

ums without losses. This is a normal factor,
considering that neutrinos are quanta of tor

sion fields.
13. Theoretically, as it has been pointed out
above, the speed of torsion waves equals in

SaR, SaL — right and left axial torsion field of a spinning object
SrD — radial torsion field of a spinning object
Fig. 2. A spatial diagram of the static torsion field
of a spinning object
SaL SaR
SrD
SR, SL — right and left torsion field of a spinning object
Fig. 3. Intensity of static torsion field of spin object
as function of r
Intensity
of torsion field
8 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
finity. Superlight velocity is not something
unusual in physics. It was present in Newton's
theory of gravitation, and it makes up the
basis of the concept of tachyons. But for them,
there would be no Goldstone's theory of the
spontaneous disturbance of symmetry. Super

light velocity was first experimentally ob

served by N. Kozyrev [11], and later con

firmed by two other teams. Zeilinger [12] con

firmed it at the quantum level. It is worth
mentioning here that Soviet physicists no

ticed more than a decade ago that spin per

turbations in spin mediums propagate so that
they cannot be screened, which has no rela

tion to torsion fields whatsoever. This means
that there is a possibility of underwater and
underground connection, as well as connec

tion through any other natural medium.
14. All organic and inorganic bodies consist of at

oms, most of which have non
zero atomic or
nuclear classical spins. Taking into account
that all bodies are placed in the magnetic field
of the Earth, considering the presence of mag

netic moments of atoms and nuclei caused by
classical spins, and charges, precession appears,
which generates undulatory torsion radiation.
Thus, all bodies have their own torsion fields
(radiation).
15. Since different bodies consist of different
chemical elements and feature different
chemical compounds with different stereo

chemistry, i.e. different spacing of atoms and
chemical compounds in these bodies, each
body has a unique torsion field (radiation),
i.e. a typical frequency and spatial
frequen

cy torsion field.
No matter how unusual the properties of torsion
fields may seem, they should not only be accept

ed, but also strictly obeyed, since these proper

ties are an objective reality of nature confirmed
experimentally.
Many properties of torsion fields, now that they
have been formulated, almost automatically allow
us to find a property that can be used as the basis
for any specific application of torsion fields, given
a mere formulation.
We can demonstrate peculiar properties, and,
hence, manifestations of torsion fields by the fol

lowing example. Many think that it does not take
a scientist to know that physics knows everything
about mechanics. In particular, inertia is much
spoken about but there is no definition of inertia.
Orthodox physics not only lacks an interpretation
of inertia, it cannot even explain whether the forc

es of inertia are internal or external with respect
to moving bodies. The Theory of the Physical
Vacuum has shown pretty clearly that inertia is a
manifestation of torsion fields in mechanics [13].
It follows from here that if torsion fields can be
controlled, it is also possible to control the forces
of inertia and, on this basis, make universal pro

pulsion devices that would not feature reactive
thrust or friction.
Presumably, Newton's mechanics is based on
Euclidean geometry, whereas torsion fields de

rive from Ricci's geometry, i.e. the geometry of
torsion. It is, therefore, quite obvious that New

ton's mechanics cannot be applied to systems
with spin, just as it cannot be used to describe
objects moving at relativistic speeds. In this
case, the theory of relativity, based on Rieman

nian geometry, must be resorted to. It is a spe

cial sort of mechanics, i.e. torsion mechanics,
that must be applied to systems with torsion
rather than Newton's mechanics. The founda

tion of torsion mechanics was laid by the Rus

sian physicist
theoretician Shipov. Torsion me

chanics observes effects that are impossible from
the standpoint of Newton's mechanics, just as
in the case of quantum mechanics, where phe

nomena also seem impossible if viewed within
the framework of Newton's mechanics. The most
unusual factor is the possibility to create, not
only theoretically, but also practically, systems
that can move using internal forces. A picture
of a device that employs the above principle is
presented in Fig. 4
Great emphasis has been placed since the first half
of the 1980s on experimental and practical work
aimed at changing the properties of different ma

terials by influencing these materials in their var

ious phase states with torsion fields. An example
Fig. 4. General view of Tolchin’s inertioid
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 9
of such work is research into the influence of tor

sion waves on smelted metal.
Each experiment features two sorts of smelting, a
test and an experimental one. In both cases the
conditions remain the same. The only difference
is that in the second case the metal in the smelt

ing crucible is influenced by a torsion generator
producing torsion waves ranging from 1 to 150
Hz and placed about one meter from the Tamman's
furnace. The time of exposure is 15–20 minutes.
As soon as the smelting is over, each furnace is
left to cool down. Then the ingots are removed
from the crucible and sections are taken to study
the structure of the metal.
We would like to point out that in such experiments
the torsion field made metal grains almost identi

cal with respect to their dimension, they became
bigger, and the structure of the metal became al

most completely isotropic. Such metal is stronger
and more ductile. The results were obtained in the
late 1980s. In the ensuing years, a number of alloy
production torsion technologies have been devel

oped and patented. Torsion modes have been es

tablished that help reduce the size of grains, and in
some cases change the crystal lattice.
A new torsion technology for production of silumin,
a mixture of aluminum and silicon, has been devel

oped in Russia. Unlike standard silumin production
technologies, torsion technology does not require
employment of alloying additives to increase the
metal's strength. Nor does it require special chemi

cal additives to fix gases in the silumin. If torsion
technology is used, torsion waves of a certain spec

trum alone force gas bubbles out and increase the
strength by 1.3 times and ductility by 2.5 times. The
simultaneous increase in strength and ductility by
means of torsion radiation is impossible from the
point of view of standard technologies.
Considering the pressing nature of the global en

ergy crisis, coupled with the impossibility of a rad

ical solution to this crisis using solar energy, wind,
thermal sources etc., there have been quite fre

quent suggestions that the energy of the Physical
Vacuum should be used instead.
Physicist
theoreticians have two points of view
on this issue. One point of view boils down to the
statement, that since the Physical Vacuum is an
object with minimum energy, the idea per se to
use it as an energy source makes no sense.
The other point of view recognizes that elements
of the Physical Vacuum, the oscillators, which do
not interact, possess energy that is infinite. A
number of Russian physicists, including Academi

cian Ya. Zeldovich [15], have pointed out that this
infinite energy has usually been overlooked, have
announced it unobservable and called it a “zero lev

el”, making this indefinitely high level a benchmark,
for example, to calculate the energy of particles.
J.A. Wheeler [16] is known for his estimation of
the energy of fluctuations of the Physical Vacu

um, which can be viewed as the lower boundary
of this energy, amounting to 1095 g/cm3. For com

parison, we shall note that nuclear energy is esti

mated at the density of the nucleus, making
1014 g/cm3, and the energy produced by burning
oil is estimated at a density of about 1 g/cm3.
If the energy of the Physical Vacuum is unlimit

ed, then increase in power consumption for the
needs of the Earth (not mentioning here the prob

lem of heat balance), with the help of the energy
of the Physical Vacuum cannot affect it in any way.
Recognizing that the theory lets in the possibil

ity to develop energy from the Physical Vacu

um, the problem consists in detecting the physi

cal principles that need to be used as the basis to
make equipment capable of solving the problem
and subsequently searching of technical solutions
of an appropriate commercial nature. These phys

ical principles are the focus of a number of re

search groups. However, I have not heard that
anyone has solved this problem. At the same time,
there are many devices, which, according to their
inventors, have an efficiency factor exceeding
unity [17].
Usually, the psychological power of physics as it
is taught in schools asserting that an efficiency
factor cannot exceed unity, appears to be strong

er than data obtained in higher educational insti

tutions. Any standard course of thermodynamics
contains strict proof that closed systems truly can
never have an efficiency factor greater than 100
percent. However, if the system is of an open type
and thus can get energy from outside, such a sys

tem can have arbitrary large efficiency. Thus, if
an inventor asserts that he has designed a system
with efficiency of more than 100 percent, it seems
senseless to discuss whether or not it is possible.
There are only two questions that matter. The first
is whether the procedure is correct and whether
the equipment complies with the requirements for
definition of a system's efficiency. In a great
10 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
number of cases, inventors declare 100 percent

plus efficiency because either the method of meas

urement or the equipment has been improperly
chosen or used.
If the system's efficiency is measured correctly and
efficiency is indeed more than 100 percent, this
automatically means that the system is of an open
type and this is the case when the second ques

tion needs to be answered: What kind of energy
gets into this system and through what chan

nel? When the research discloses the channel and
the kind of energy and as soon as this energy is
incorporated into the total system's energy bal

ance, its efficiency again drops below 100 percent.
Thus, when the efficiency of a system is measured
to be more than 100 percent, it only means that we
do not know very well how this system works. In
this connection there is a proposal that it would be
more logical to use the term “effectiveness ratio”
rather than efficiency when dealing with open type
systems. In terms of standard terminology, some
systems of an electrostatic, magnetic, electromag

netic or thermal type are known to have an effi

ciency of up to 500 percent. In most cases, the fig

ure is declared by inventors in patents. In one pat

ent, for example, the device was declared to have
an efficiency of 3,000 percent. However, as a rule,
the evaluation (by an independent expert) does not
confirm such high figures. This might happen if in

ventors conceal their methods know
how or be

cause the system is hard to produce.
Russian inventors, as well as those in the CIS na

tions, have focused on thermal systems with an
efficiency greater than 100 percent. Among the
great number of such systems there are ones whose
efficiency reaches 400 percent. However, only one
design of a thermal system whose mass produc

tion variants passed independent expert evalua

tion several years ago, proved to have an efficien

cy greater than 120 percent. Construction of such
a system is scheduled for 2001.
Since spiral movement generates a torsion field,
which is registered by torsion field measurement
devices, it can serve as the grounds to consider
that interaction of the system's torsion field with
torsion fields of spin clusters (clusters of fitons
[18]) of the Physical Vacuum causes a small
amount of the energy of the fluctuations of the
Physical Vacuum to be shared with the object
that generates the torsion field of the system, i.e.
the water spiral. This makes the temperature of
the water rise. One could think that the water heats
itself. Considering that the energy that heats the
water is caused by torsion effects, and also taking
into account that this mechanism is implemented
through a spiral, vortical process, and that the sys

tem is designed to obtain extra energy, this ther

mal heating installation was called the Torsion Vor

tex Generator (TVG).
It follows from the above that the Torsion Vortex
Generator has two energy sources: the electric
mains supplying power to the electromotor, which
is necessary to pump the water through the sys

tem, and Physical Vacuum, which gives out the
energy to heat the water. In the future, the when
efficiency of such systems is considerably higher,
i.e. more energy is taken from the Physical Vacu

um, part of the thermal energy, taken from the
Physical Vacuum, might be transformed into elec

trical energy and supplied to the electromotor. In
this case, the mains will not be necessary any long

er and such a thermal system will become com

pletely independent. Such a system will become
an independent source of energy. When this hap

pens, it will be a revolution in power engineering
in general. It is not important whether this sys

tem is going to be thermal, electric, magnetic or
of any other construction.
An important direction of the work connected with
the Physical Vacuum and torsion fields has con

sisted in fundamental and applied medicobiologi

cal research. Of great importance has been the re

search into the influence of static torsion fields and
undulatory torsion radiation on various sorts of liv

ing organisms, as well as research into the integral
and characteristic torsion fields inherent in vari

ous living organisms. The latter has become possi

ble due to creation of highly sensitive quantum sys

tems recording torsion radiation and its frequency
spectrums.
A database containing spectrums of torsion radia

tion of different tissues at various stages of different
diseases has been being collected for a long time. It
gives us the opportunity to make equipment to check
a person's health, measuring characteristic spectrums
of torsion frequencies of specific groups of cells or
tissues of any part of a human organ and comparing
them with the respective spectrums of healthy cells
or cells with different degrees of pathology.
A system designed to diagnose a person based on
the records of his torsion fields is called the Tor

sion Diagnostics system (TORDI). To correctly
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 11
understand how it works, a number of things must
be explained. Van Hoven's theory features the fol

lowing conclusion: in order to obtain complete
information about any system, it must be de

stroyed. However, destruction of a person’s tis

sues in order to get information about their state
is too high a price to pay for the information about
his health. However, Van Hoven's criterion can
be satisfied with the minimum influence, when the
cells are not destroyed and the atoms of these cells,
being primary sources of torsion spectrums to be
registered, are rendered as non
equilibrium by
means of an outside disturbing influence. In or

der to choose the frequency of the disturbing tor

sion influence correctly, it is necessary to take ac

count of the role played by water in the physical
and biochemical organization of tissues of the hu

man body. At the same time, it is necessary to take
account of resonance torsion frequencies of vari

ous human organs. Finally, it turns out that the
signal of torsion disturbance must be rather so

phisticated, considering both these factors.
The TORDI system is a ready
to
use production
device. Nevertheless, it is important to understand
that the model is not a limit of the scientific and
technical potential incorporated in it and that en

hanced versions of the system are sure to appear
in the course of time.
Summing up, I would like to draw your attention
once more to the fact that work on torsion tech

nologies is not limited by the lines of research that
have been discussed here. Actually, as it was point

ed out in the beginning, on
going development
embraces all branches of economics, including in

dustry, agriculture and medicine, as well as all
problems that arise in everyday life.
The torsion technologies that have been touched
upon here signify that mankind is on the threshold
of the age of torsion technologies, which, we believe,
will change our life in the 21st century more than all
the scientific and technical revolutions of the 20th
century.
REFERENCES
1. Cartan E. Compates Rendus. Akad.Sci., Paris, 1922, v.174.
2. V.Melnikov, P.Pronin. The problem of gravitation constant stability and additional interactions. Itogi Nauki
I Tekniki, ser. Astronomy, v.41, Gravitation and Astronomy, Moscow, VINTI, 1991.
3. G.I.Shipov The Theory of the Physical Vacuum. Gard, Moscow 1998
4. I.Ternov, V.Bordovitsin. On the modern interpretation of the classical spin theory of Ya.Frenkel. UFN, 1980,
v.132, No.2.
5. V.Bagrov, V.Bordovitsin. Classical spin theory. Izvestiya VUZ, Phys.Series, 1980, No.2.
6. F.I.Belinfante. On the spin augular momentum of mesons. Physica VI, 1939, v
6, No.9.
7. M.Markov. The very early universe. Proc of the Nuttfield Workshop, Eds. G.V.Gibbson, S.W.Hawking,
S.T.Siklov, Cambridge, 1988.
8. Hideo Uchida. A apparatus for detecting a fluid. Patent England, No 511662, May 24, 1978.
9. Anatoly Akimov. A heuristic discussion of the problem of finding long
range interactions. EGS
concepts.
CISE VENT, preprint N7A, Moscow, 1992.
10. IITAP RANS, TORTECH USA, Horizonts of the Science and Technology XXI age Proc, Editor A.E.Akimov,
Folium, Moscow, 2000, vol.1 (in Russian).
11. N.Kozyrev, Astronomical observations by means of the physical properties of time. In “Flarestarse” Interna

tional Symposium in Byurakan, 1976, Armenian Academy of Sciences Publ., Yerevan, 1977 (in Russian)
12. Bouwmecster D. et.al. Nature, v.390, 11 dec, 1997.
13. G.I.Shipov. Theoretical and Experimental Research of the Inertial Mass of the Four
Dimensional Gyro

scope. ITTAP RANS, preprint N10, Moscow, 2001, (in Russia).
14. The way of correction of metal alloy microstructure. Patent Russian, RU 2107105, 1998.
15. A.Dolgov, Yu.Zel’dovich, M.Sazshin. Cosmology of the Early Universe. MGU Publ., Moscow, 1988.
16. I.A.Wheeler. Fiustein’s vision. Springer Verlag, 1968.
17. Convegno Internazionale:Quale Fisica per 2000, Proc. Bologna, 1991. see: The Manual of Energy Derices
and Systems. Complied D.A.Kelly, D.A.K. WLFUB, Burband, California, 1986, Publ. N1269/F
289.
18. Daytlov V.L. Polarization Model of the Ungomogendous Physic Vacuum. Institute Mathematical, Sibirians
Academic Science, 1998 (in Russian).
12 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Meeting our readers’ wishes halfway,
we publish a review of works by
V.S. Grebennikov and V.F.Zolotarev,
who in 1985 applied for a patent for
discovering “The phenomenon of
the interaction of multi
cavity
structures with living systems”
(Russian Federation patent priori

ty #32
OT
11170 of 03.09.1985).
In issue #1, 2001 of our magazine, we
published an article containing Pro

fessor Zolotarev’s calculations of the
effects observed in multi
cavity sys

tems. The essence of the present ef

fect lies in the interaction of biologi

cal systems with de Broglie waves.
The appearance of the latter is relat

ed, in Professor Zolotarev’s opinion,
to the group movement of electrons
inside solid bodies containing cavi

ties that act as de Broglie wave reso

nators. This, in turn, results in the
appearance of standing de Broglie
waves. The amplification of the ob

served effect is caused by the rhyth

mic spatial structure of field
gener

ating cavities.
Professor Zolotarev assumed that
since only interrelated natural cate

gories may interact, the physical
mechanism of nerve impulses has
much in common with de Broglie
material waves, which are, supposed

ly, longitudunal.
Technical application of the effect in
question can be realized by means of
several methods. “The walls of mul

ti
cavity structures… are usually con

sidered to be the boundaries of a po

tential electron well. In general, this
is true for dielectrics as well as for
metals. Group movement of electrons
results in the appearance of a system
of de Broglie standing waves, having
classical frequencies, in the poten

tial space”. (B.N. Rodimov, Self
Os

cillatory Quantum Mechanics, Tomsk,
TSU, 1976).
According to Zolotarev’s calcula

tions, the length of a standing wave
is twice as large as the size of a po

tential well. The frequency of a stand

ing wave equaling 2 Hz constitutes a
threat to a person’s health since it can
result in interaction with central
nervous system impulse frequencies.
Thus, taking into consideration the
experimenter’s sensations, we come
to the conclusion that the human
body interacts with de Broglie waves
that “pierce” it. The character of res

onant interaction implies the diver

sity of wave lengths and frequencies,
determined by the geometric dimen

sions of the interacting structures.
It is difficult to overestimate Profes

sor Zolotarev’s contribution to the
theoretical study of the essence of the
present effect, but the variety of
methods of its practical implementa

tion can be found in the works of V.S.
Grebennikov.
In his book “My world”, the scientist
gives a description of numerous ex

periments, making it possible to re

veal the manifestation of the effect of
multi
cavity structures. The effect
was discovered by Grebennikov dur

ing his study of the morphology of
insects, in particular of chitinous cov

ers of some parts of their corpora. He
The Antigravitational Platform
And Experiments With the Effect
Of Multi-Cavity Structures
Reviewed by N. OVTCHARENKO
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 13
writes that an “unusually rhythmic microstruc

ture” of one of the insects’ wings roused his inter

est. He observed an unusual effect when he tried
to juxtapose two identical details under a micro

scope: the detail “…broke loose from his tweezers;
for a few seconds it hung suspended above the oth

er plate on the microscope shelf, turned a few de

grees clockwise, slid to the right, turned counter

clockwise, swung, and only then abruptly fell on
the desk”.
The effect of antigrav

ity, discovered by Gre

bennikov and caused
by multi
cavity struc

tures, was implement

ed by him during the
creation of his most
interesting, in our
opinion, invention —
the antigravitational
platform. In his book,
the scientist describes
his experience of fly

ing the platform (its
main view is shown in
Fig. 1 and 2).
Grebennikov writes
that during the flight
(Fig.3) he was stand

ing on a flat rectangular platform, slightly ex

ceeding the seat of a chair in size. A steering col

umn with two handles (field regulators), by
means of which the device was controlled, was
mounted on the platform. He also mentions oth

er parts of the antigravitational platform. Thus,
Grebennikov writes that the descending and
braking of the platform is achieved by means of
“cross
shifting filter blinds” (which the author
also calls “micro
cellular gravitational filter
blocks”) situated beneath it. The author also
mentions “blocking panels”, the malfunction of
which was the cause of difficulties experienced
by the inventor during his first test flight.
The steering of the antigravitational platform was
performed by both handles in the following way.
The left handle was used to control the gravita

tional filter blinds. By means of joining or parting
these blinds, the ascending or landing of the de

vice was performed. The right handle was used for
a horizontal, onward movement that was achieved
by inclining of both groups of “wing case” blinds
via a flexible cable situated inside the steering
column. In his book, the author declares that he
was able to achieve a speed of 150 km/h, which
can be easily increased up to 1500 km/h.
During the test flight, performed by the author
on March, 18, 1990, such anomalous effects as the
slowing of time and spoiling of photographic films
were observed by him.
The effect of multi
cavity structures was studied
by the author during numerous other experiments.
Our readers can carry out the majority of these
experiments themselves since they do not require
the use of any special equipment. A description of
some of these experiments is given below. Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Note: all the pictures and photos, which the present
article comprises are taken from V.S. Grebennikov’s
book “My World”.
14 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
“Perpetuum Mobile”
In order to carry out this experiment, seven rolls
of used film should be arranged in the way shown
in Fig. 4. The rolled
up films should be placed
around the apparatus shown here. The device also
has an inclined single
arm straw indicator, hung
on a thin thread (a small piece of plasticine was
used as a counterbalance). Slowly leaving the zone
of impact of one roll, the straw would enter the
power field of the second, then the third, and so
on... This experiment is most successful in a sound

insulated chamber, away from wires and pipes, as
well as of sources of heat, cold, and bright light.
Artificial Honeycomb
Take a dozen and a
half papier
mache su

permarket egg cases
(the 30
egg variety),
tie them up or glue
them together (one
on top of another) in
such a way as to join
the “teeth” to one an

other (Fig. 5). Fix
the whole set (it can
be enclosed in a case)
over the head of a
person sitting in a
chair, with the bot

tom “comb” 10
20 cm
above the head. Leave
the person there for
10
15 min. The “unnatural”, unusual transforma

tion of the spatial shape formed by the set can be
picked up even by the palm of a hand. Experiment
with couching seeds, or breeding microorganisms
and insects, under a “macrocomb” and compare
the results with those of identical experiments
conducted at least 2 m away from the comb. Re

peat each pair of experiments several times.
Paper Emanators of The Effect
of Multi-Cavity Structures
6 sheets of office paper
should be cut in two,
then lengthwise and
folded accordion
like
so as to get 10 edges and
20 surfaces. Squeeze
the “accordions” to
make them square and
glue them on top of one
another, turning each
horizontally 30 degrees
clockwise against the
bottom one (Fig. 6).
Moving “Combs”
Make a wooden spin

ning top and drill sever

al holes on its sides,
making sure to go all
way through. They
should be pencil
width
in diameter or a bit wid

er (Fig. 7). Their cavi

ty effect will signifi

cantly increase if the
top is rotated, and this
can be easily perceived
by the palm of one’s
hand. This is due to the
fact that the number of
holes is numerically mul

tiplying in space.
The complete text of Grebennikov’s book “My
World”, comprising descriptions of his unique
experiments, can be found on the web
site:
http://www.keelynet.com/greb/greb.htm).
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
General view
View from above
Fig. 4
Рис. 2
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 15
Application of vortex heat generators
Vortex heat generators of the seventh generation are designed to provide auton

omous heating and hot water supply for households and industrial buildings.
They may also be used by specialists for practical and research needs. The gen

erators are operated in direct, automatic and remote modes depending on out

door conditions. A vortex heat generator’s load percentage amounts to 10% a
day. The efficiency factor of a vortex heat generator (the efficiency of energy
conversion according to EEC standards) is 220%. It has demonstrated a two

fold reduction in energy consumption. The system has a payback period equaling
no more than a single heating season.
Vortex Heat Generators (VHG)
Yu.S.POTAPOV, Russia
The author is a Doctor of Technical Sciences, a
professor, an Academician of the Russian
Academy of Natural Sciences; an Academician of
the International Academy for Leadership in
Business and Administration, USA; an Honorary
Inventor, a Birmingham Torch Award winner,
USA; an All-Russian Exhibition Center Award
Winner and an Honorary Doctor of Sciences.
1. Inlet connection
2. Vortical heat generator
3. Output connection
4. Coupling
5. Motor (electric motor)
6. Frame
7. Casing
8. Cock
Fig. 1. Vortex heat generator operation scheme
9. Boiler
10. Circulation pump
11. Air valve
12. Pipeline
13. Microprocessor
14. Starter
15. Radiator (heat exchanger)
16 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
The conception
and design of a VHG
A vortex heat generator consists of a cylindrical case
and a rotor. The rotor is rotated by an electric motor.
The generator has an accumulating cell for night
operation. Working fluid (water) is tangentially
directed to the vortex heat generator’ inlet. Then the
water, run along a complex route, gets hot. By the
time this happens, more than 500,000 cycles of com

pression and expansion of the water have taken place.
The heating is performed due to the friction of water
molecules and the processes of cavitation and fusion.
The system, equipped with a microprocessor, oper

ates in a pulse mode and maintains the assigned
temperature regime at different outdoor tempera

ture values. Two
year operation of a new generation
VHG in Moscow has shown that no complex and
expensive service is needed. The difference between
a new VHG and a VHG of the first generation lies
in the fact that the new VHG operates without an
electric pump, heating water up to 95oC in one op

eration. Steam formation is also available. The ex

perience operating of a VHG (by implementing the
new technology in factory conditions) has
demonstrated that the cost of heating of 1m3 of a
premise’s volume averaged $ 0.63 a year. Compare:
• Average cost of heating by means of an elec

tric boiler — $ 16.18
• Average cost of heating by means of a boiler
operating on burning liquid fuel — $ 8.81
• Average cost of heating by means of a gas boil

er — $ 1.23
Potapov’s vortex engine
The new type of vortex engine is intended to be
installed in vehicles (cars, buses, boats, submarines,
aircraft, locomotives, helicopters, armored vehicles,
electric power stations etc.). It is a fully
autonomous electric power station. It operates on
ordinary air. When the engine rotor reaches the
design number of rotations, the electric generator
is switched on. About 30% of the total output power
is used to keep the engine running, while the
remaining 70% are supplied to the consumer.
It is well known that the efficiency of a combus

tion engine averages 40%; of a steam engine 12%;
of an atomic engine 34%; of a gas engine 30% and
of a hydrogen
fuelled engine 45%. All types of
engines operating on the principle of combustion
(including hydrogen combustion) pose danger to
humanity since 1 kg of fuel consumes about 300
liters of air while burning. A 50 kW engine ex

hausts about 3,000 liters of odorless gas during
operation. The exhausted gas comprises 200 poi

sonous elements harmful to human health.
A catalyst doesn’t help solve the problem. The use
of hydrogen causes the greenhouse effect, which
could lead to global disaster. A hydrogen
fuelled
engine releases steam into the atmosphere. This
steam is responsible for 90% of the greenhouse
effect on the Earth. Besides, hydrogen consumes
the same volume of air as gasoline while burning;
the processed air being exhausted is irrespirable.
In Potapov’s new engine (a picture of it can be
seen on the cover) the inlet air pressure amounts
to 0.01–0.09 Atm. This range of pressure values
defines the number of rotations per minute at
which power take
off takes place: 960–16,700
rpm. Air consumption is minimal (Table 1).
Potapov’s engine does not affect the chemical or
physical state of the air during operation. The ex

hausted air is respirable without any limitations.
The engine goes through a bench test, first at idling
speed and then with a load. The output engine pow

er amounts to 700 kW. The total mass of the en

gine with a reduction gearbox is about 80 kg. The
overall dimensions of the 700 kW engine (without
an electric generator) are: 900×500×750 mm. The
noise level, which is adjusted by shock absorbers and
a noise
absorbing bonnet, accounts for 2–35 dB.
The patent for Potapov’s engine and the method
of power generation used in the engine are pro

tected by law. Anybody reproducing the present
method or the construction of this engine will be
prosecuted according to international law and the
laws of the Russian Federation. The cost of a pro

duction license is agreed by contract. The cost of
a demonstration is also agreed by contract.
Тable 1
№ Air Turbine acceleration Turbine overtravel Inlet Revolution
temperature, оС time, sec time, sec pressure, Atm number, rot/min
1. 20 5 68 0.01 964
2. 21 3.5 87 0.03 4,100
3. 21 2.7 160 0.05 8,120
4. 23 2.0 180 0.07 12,100
5. 23 1.5 195 0.09 16,700
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 17
Air autothermia — the effect of fuel

less air combustion, which is used, in
particular, in a modernized automo

bile engine, is described in detail in a
book called “Natural Power Engineer

ing” written by E.I. Andreev [1]. Ex

periments carried out by a group of
researchers in 2001 showed that it is
possible for carburetor engines to
function with minimal fuel consump

tion due to the fact that the engine’s
air
fuel mixture is processed in a cer

tain way.
According to Andreev’s theory, fuel

less air combustion starts when
there is a minimal quantity of hydro

carbons and is based on an ava

lanche
type reaction when, for ex

ample, the hydrocarbons’ free elec

trons interact with oxygen atoms.
One of the best
known examples of
this effect is the explosion of an ox

ygen cylinder when oil is present on
its external surface. The chemical
reaction of the combustion or explo

sion of pure oxygen can be repre

sented as a dissociation of an oxy

gen molecule into atoms and elec

trons, followed by a recombination
of the oxygen atoms accompanied by
an energy output. It is important to
emphasize that the present cycle has
earlier been studied as applied to hy

drogen. The effect of heat liberation
during the process of recombination
of atomic hydrogen is used in hy

drogenous welding sets for the cre

ation of temperatures of about
5000–8000 degrees Celsius. Devel

oping this method, our company has
created a device in which a closed
circuit of dissociation and recombi

nation of hydrogen can provide for
a high efficiency heat output.
The change in the composition of
exhaust gases of the engine, which
consumes less fuel during its opera

tion [1, page 11], leads us to the con

clusion that nitrogen is involved in
the process of combustion, since its
percentage diminishes. The percent

age of water vapor increases at the
output; the presence of carbon in the
form of small
sized graphite parti

cles has been registered. With a large
quantity of hydrocarbonic fuel (a
rich air
fuel mixture) the excess of
binding electrons in the fuel impedes
air autothermia; that is, the combus

tion of the fuel itself with oxide for

mation can usually be observed. Ac

cording to Andreev’s method of au

tothermia, catalysis can be achieved
by means of magnetic treatment of
air. Not fuel electrons but binding
electrons of air itself are used dur

ing the process.
Let us consider the role played by
the magnetic field in detail. As
shown in the book [1], the magnetic
field represents a flux of small posi

tive particles called “electrino”,
which are considered in detail by
D.H.Baziev [2]. I believe that we
should consider the magnetic field
as a flux of aether particles instead
of introducing new concepts; I find
it to be more traditional and prom

ising. Thus, Andreev writes: “…by
means of a magnetic flux, the elec

trino vortex around the atoms in the
catalyst may be amplified… which
will make it possible to amplify the
processing, for example, of air…”. On
the other hand, we can do without
considering the electrino if the phys

ical essence of magnetic flux is pre

sented from the classical point of
view of aetherodynamics. Particles
of a substance are considered as vor

Fuelless Air Combustion
Alexander V. FROLOV
Faraday Lab Ltd., Director General
Lev Tolstoy Str., 7–601, Saint-Petersburg,
197376, Russia
7-812-3803844
18 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
tex structures. Since in the area of the magnetic
flux the aether’s pressure changes, the conditions
of chemical reactions change as well.
Moreover, aetherodynamics does not consider
charges of aether particles. Andreev shows [1,
page 75] that the effect of leakage of the mag

netic induction between poles (the divergence
of magnetic field power lines in air) is determined
by the fact that molecules of a substance (nitro

gen, for example) capture the electrino from the
magnetic flux, set them spinning and throw them
out of the main flux. It deforms magnetic field
power lines. It is obvious that the charge of the
electrino does not make any difference and we
can simplify the situation by considering mole

cules as vortex processes taking place in aether.
The magnetic field should be regarded as a flux
of aether particles.
The example of rare earth metal combustion in
open air, considered in the book [1], is also regard

ed as a catalytic reaction. Rare earth metals, due
to their specific structure, can be regarded as pow

erful concentrated vortex processes taking place
in aether. Due to this, they represent catalysts of
the transformation of oxygen into an atomic state
(dissociation), while the ensuing oxygen recom

bination leads to heat output.
It is evident that research in the field of air auto

thermia is one of the most promising trends of al

ternative energetics. One of the major advantag

es of this approach lies in the possibility of using
standard carburetor internal combustion engines
as a base for new energy installations. On the oth

er hand, the understanding of the processes of air
autothermia draws our attention to other natural
physical mechanisms that could be used in fuel

less power engineering. The analogy between the
processes of dissociation and recombination ac

cording to the theory of Andreev and similar proc

esses observed in our laboratory has been drawn
above. The common point of these two approach

es lies in the fact that special dissociation condi

tions allow achieving the transmission of a sub

stance into an atomic state with minimal energy
consumption, while the process of recombination
provides for heat output. By means of such a nat

ural method of using a symmetrical fuelless disso

ciation
recombination cycle, the problem of heat
emission or heat absorption could be solved.
Faraday Lab Ltd. is interested in the
development of contacts with investors in this
particular field of research.
REFERENCES:
1. E.I.Andreev., Natural Power Engineering
3, Saint

Petersburg, 2003.
2. D.H. Baziev., The Charge and Mass of a Photon,
Moscow, 2001.
New
Energy
Technologies
Printed edition advertizing rates
tel/fax 78123803844
http://www.faraday.ru
office@faraday.ru
Full page ad
B/W – $400
In colour – $800
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page ad
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New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 19
Editor: In the present article the au

thor reinvents the principles of design

ing parametric capacitors. These prin

ciples were developed way back in the
middle of the XXth century by Acade

mician N.D. Papalexi. He proved that,
according to his own words, the “ef

fectiveness of obtaining electrical en

ergy using my method may amount to
99% and higher…”.
There are several types of energy con

verters that convert mechanical en

ergy into electrical energy by chang

ing the capacitance of a charged con

denser. The energy content of a
capacitor can be calculated with the
simple formula of W=Q2/(2C). We
can conclude from this correlation
that if the capacitance C of the con

denser is decreased while the stored
charge Q is kept constant (i.e. while
the capacitor is disconnected from
the power supply) the energy stored
in the capacitor will increase.
The capacitance of a condenser can
be changed by mechanical means in
different ways. The formula of a flat
capacitor C=eS/d shows that the ca

pacitance depends on 3 parameters:
the permittivity e of the dielectric
between the plates, the surface area
of one side of one plate S, and on the
distance between the plates d. By
changing one or more of these param

eters the mechanical energy can be
converted into electrical energy. These
methods are illustrated in fig. 1.
• In the first example (fig. 1a, which
corresponds to the changing of e)
the capacitance is decreased by
removing the solid dielectric from
the capacitor with a mechanical
force F. This force is opposed by
the edge effect forces Fee at the
edge of the capacitor, because the
dielectrophoretic forces tend to
pull the dielectric back into the
capacitor.
• In the second case (fig. 1b) the
capacitance is decreased by in

creasing the distance d between
the plates. This movement is op

posed by the electrostatic pres

sure forces Fep that pull the plates
together.
• In the third example (fig. 1c) the
distance d between the plates re

mains constant, but the upper
plate is moved in horizontal direc

tion parallel with the lower elec

trode, and by this the effective
adjacent surface areas S facing
each other will be diminished.
Since in electrostatics the electric
field lines are always perpendicu

lar to the surface of a conductor,
and the electric forces act along
these E
field lines on that surface,
the only places where braking Fep
forces can appear are the edges of
A Free Energy Generator Based
On Mechanically Changed Capacitance
Zoltan LOSONC, Hungary
feprinciples@on.mailshell.com
Fig. 1
20 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
the moving electrode. The edges are the only
places where these force lines can have hori

zontal component parallel to the movement’s
direction.
A practical realization of a simple electrostatic
energy converter is shown on fig. 2. This de

vice is a mechanical DC/DC converter, when a
lower input voltage U1 is converted into a high

er output voltage U2 while the input and the
output currents are the same, and consequent

ly the output power is greater than the input
electric power. However, this is not a free ener

gy generator since no excess energy is generat

ed, but only mechanical energy is converted into
electric energy. The law of energy conservation
remains valid in this case since the electrostat

ic retarding forces unnecessarily waste the driv

ing mechanical energy.
The rotor is made of an insulator material
mounted on a shaft so that they can rotate to

gether. On the two opposite sides of the rotor
two metal electrodes are mounted. When one
electrode of the rotor is facing the grounded sta

tor segment below, they represent a capacitor
that is charged to voltage U1 through the lower
brush b1. By turning the rotor clockwise the
charged electrode on the rotor is disconnected
from the brush b1 and moved to the upper posi

tion. This rotation is opposed by the attracting
Fep forces shown on fig. 1c. When the charged
electrode touches the upper brush b2 the car

ried charge can be extracted under a higher volt

age U2, since the distance to the grounded elec

trode have increased and their mutual capaci

tance have decreased.
It is important to recognize the principal simi

larity of this converter with the case shown in
fig. 1c. The key feature of both cases is that the
only place on the moving electrodes where the
unwanted braking forces can appear is the edge
of the moving electrode. The main horizontal
surface of the electrode does not contribute to
the retarding electric forces, since the E
field

and force lines are perpendicular to the surface.
On fig. 1c this is perpendicular to the move

ment, and in the last example the forces point
in radial direction, thus they can not develop
retarding torque on the shaft. This observation
readily offers a possibility that if we can elim

inate the retarding electrostatic forces at the
edges, then we can construct a generator that
will produce more output energy than the to

tal sum of the input electrical and mechanical
energies.
The unwanted electrostatic drag
Let us examine a little deeper these unwanted
retarding forces at the edge of the moving elec

trode. A modified version of the discussed con

verter with double grounded stator plates is
shown on fig. 3a. The double stator electrodes
ensure greater capacitance, higher energy den

sity per volume, and a beneficial symmetrical
configuration. On the top and bottom flat sur

faces of the moving electrode (between the two
stator plates) the electric forces are perpendic

ular to the movement, thus they can not exert
any retarding force. The only places where the
electric forces can have a horizontal component
parallel to the movement are the edges. At the
front edge f only a minor accelerating force Fa
can appear since the E
field intensity is much
weaker here than at the back edge b between
the plates. Thus the retarding electrostatic force
upon the aft edge Fr will overweigh the acceler

ating force Fa, and if we want to maintain the
movement, an additional external mechanical
driving force of Fm=Fr–Fa is required. The work
performed by this mechanical force (while op

posing the unwanted electrostatic retarding
forces) will be the same as the increase of the
electrical energy in the capacitor.
Fig. 2
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 21
Free energy is generated by
eliminating the retarding
electrostatic drag
The braking effect of the electrostatic forces
at the aft edge of the moving electrode can be
neutralized by binding them to their own re

action forces. This is accomplished by sur

rounding the edge with a grounded conductive
semi
cylindrical electrode, and filling the gap
between this semi
cylinder and the edge with
solid dielectric as in fig. 3b. This drag
neutral

izer is practically a semi
cylindrical thruster
element and capacitor, which is mechanical

ly attached to the aft edge of the moving
electrode and they move together.
There are 3 active forces within the thruster ele

ment. The first is the electrostatic pressure com

ponent that pulls the inner surface of the outer
semi
cylindrical electrode towards the plate’s
edge. The second is a similar but greater force
pulling the moving electrode’s edge backwards.
The resultant of these two components will be a
backward retarding force. Related calculations
about the magnitude of these electrostatic pres

sure forces can be found on the page ethrform.htm.
The third force is a dielectrophoretic force that
pushes the dielectric towards the plate’s edge. This
type of force has been discussed on the page
dielforce.htm and related estimating calculations
can be found on the page fullcylsph.htm. Accord

ing to these calculations a non
zero unidirection

al thrust is expected to act on a semi
cylindrical
thruster element filled with dielectric, directed
from the bigger semi
cylinder towards the small

er one. This non
zero thrust was expected, since
the dielectrophoretic force upon the dielectric was
calculated to be greater than the electrostatic pres

sure forces on the electrodes, having the opposite
direction.
Two experiments have been conducted so far
for the practical detection of the expected
thrust upon a semi
cylindrical thruster ele

ment. The first experiment was carried out by
Andreas Pramesberger. He constructed a semi

cylindrical thruster with rounded edges to avoid
electric breakdown, and molded it into paraffin
wax. The drawing and related information can
be found on the page thrusterproject.htm. An

dreas has observed a small unidirectional
thrust directed from the bigger towards the
smaller electrode. After increasing the thick

ness of the paraffin layer on the side of the
smaller electrode this thrust completely van

ished and no unidirectional thrust was ob

served. However, the originally observed
thrust cannot be explained with the effect of
air ionization, because in that case it would
have to act in the opposite direction.
Some preliminary measurements have been per

formed by Steven Dufresne using a different
thruster, and related calculations and theory can
be found on the page fullcylsph.htm. Further re

lated information can be found on page
thrusterproject.htm, and the details of practical
construction and measurement results are on the
page http://www.entrenet.com/~stevend/
efthrusters/fullcyl2d1/fullcyl2d1.htm. In this
case two semi
cylindrical elements of identical
dimensions but with two different dielectrics
have been molded together, pointing into oppo

site direction. One semi
cylindrical thruster el

ement opposes the thrust of the other, and since
the dielectrics are different, one supposed to
overweigh the force of the other and a resultant
unidirectional thrust was expected.
Although the measurement is not yet complete,
Steven could not measure any resultant thrust
upon this thruster during some failed (due to
arcing) preliminary measurements using 8 kV.
Fig. 3
22 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
This result is far from the expected and I still
can not understand what would be the correct
way of calculating the forces in such a way that
the dielectrophoretic and electrostatic pressure
forces should exactly cancel each other. With
other words it is not clear how could I calcu

late less dielectrophoretic force than the Fycm on
the page fullcylsph.htm to get zero resultant
unidirectional thrust (as Steven’s measurement
indicates).
Since I have not seen personally any of the
above two experiments, can not take any respon

sibility for their absolute correctness. Howev

er, for the present invention it does not really
matter whether there is a thrust towards the
smaller electrode or no thrust at all. We will
assume in the followings that the mentioned
measurements are correct and one of these two
cases might be true for the drag
neutralizer at
the edge of the moving electrode (fig. 3b).
Based on the mentioned experimental results
there will be no resultant retarding force on
the drag
neutralizer semi
cylindrical capaci

tor element, and the only electrical force com

ponent in x direction will be the forward ac

celerating force Fa at the front edge of the
moving electrode. Since this driving force is
fairly small and it is insufficient to counteract
the frictional forces, a small mechanical driving
force will be needed. This mechanical power
wasted on friction will be much less than the
gained excess energy. Therefore in this gener

ator the retarding electric forces have been
neutralized and it will produce more output
electric energy than the sum of input electri

cal and mechanical energies required for its
operation.
The phases of the generator’s
operation and practical designs
After explaining the basic principle, let us see
some practical designs of the discussed genera

tor. Naturally in a practical device there would
be several stator and rotor segments, which can
be arranged on discs or cylinders. One possible
example using the disc arrangement is shown
on fig. 4 (it shows only one cell without the
commutators).
The working phases are as follows:
1. When the whole surface of the rotor plates
is between the grounded stator plates (when
the capacitance is maximal, or little before
that), an input voltage is connected to the
rotor electrodes by suitable input commu

tators or control electronics (not shown on
the drawing). After the plates are charged,
the input power supply is disconnected by
the commutators.
2. The rotor is rotated in such direction that the
drag
neutralizers should be at the aft edges
of the moving electrodes (clockwise on the
drawing). This rotation will require minimal
mechanical power just enough to compensate
the frictional losses, since there will be no re

tarding electrostatic forces to be counteract

ed. The semi
cylindrical drag
neutralizers
will eliminate these forces.
3. When the rotor plates leave the space be

tween the adjacent stator electrodes, i.e.
when the voltage potential is at maximum
on the rotor electrodes, they are discharged
through the output mechanical commuta

tors or other suitable control electronics
(not shown). The most efficient operation
can be achieved when the rotor electrodes
are completely discharged and their com

plete energy is utilized in each cycle, but
this is not absolutely necessary for the op

eration.
The output energy can be discharged directly
into resistors to generate heat, or into suitable
capacitor system to reduce the voltage and in

Fig. 4
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 23
crease the current (charging in series, and dis

charging in parallel). A further possibility is to
discharge the energy into resonant LC circuits
and take off the useful energy through trans

formers with suitable current intensities. On
fig. 4. only one generator cell is shown, but
several such cells can be mounted on the same
shaft to achieve substantial output power.
The available maximum output power will be
limited by the speed of rotation and by the max

imum output voltage allowed by the electric
strength of the insulation between the stator
and rotor plates. This insulation can be im

proved by covering the rotor and/or stator
plates with solid dielectric material. However,
if the stator plates are coated with thick insula

tor, then this increases the gap between the ro

tor and stator electrodes, decreases the capaci

tance and the output current.
If the rotor segments are coated with thick die

lectric, then this would be the most beneficial
from electric point of view (increased maximum
voltage and output current), but in this case un

wanted dielectrophoretic retarding forces might
be developed within the thick dielectric layer.
This would require additional mechanical driv

ing torque and input power. Thus the optimal
arrangement should be found by measurements
and experiments.
The number of segments per disc depends on the
speed of rotation, desired output frequency,
voltage, current, and on other practical consid

erations. Preferably the output frequency would
be best in the 50
60 Hz range, but such low fre

quency does not allows the generation of sub

stantial output power due to the relatively low
achievable capacitance and current. By increas

ing the frequency the output power can be in

creased, but then we will have difficulties with
the extraction and utilization of high frequen

cies (except if it is immediately converted into
heat in suitable resistors). Thus a compromise
should be found here too.
Estimating the output power
Finally let us make some rough estimations how
much power could be generated with a practi

cal capacitive generator. Let us as suppose that
the lowest capacitance between the rotor elec

trodes and the grounded stator plates is 10 times
smaller than its highest value when the plates
completely cover each other.
1. In the first case let us take the radius of
the rotor to be r=0.5m and assume to have
8 segments per disc. Then the active sur

face area of the fully closed capacitor is
S=r2p=0.79m2 (the rotor segments have
only half of this area but their both sides
are utilized for a capacitor). The air gap
between the stator and rotor electrodes is
d=1cm. This gap allows maximum 30kV
tension without sparking (or even less due
to the edges, but they can be covered with
insulator). Since this 30kV of max. output
voltage is 10 times greater than the input
voltage, the input voltage should be 3kV
or less.
The capacitance of one cell is C=e0S/d=
6.95E–10F and the charge upon the rotor
plates is Q=UC=2.1E
6C. Since there are
8 segments per rotor disc, there will be
Qo=8Q=16.8E–6C charge transferred to the
output at each revolution (the capacitor
will be charged and discharged 8 times per
revolution).
If the speed of the rotation is 6000 rot/min=
100 rot/sec then the output current will be
I=Q0
.100 rot/sec=1.68E–3C/sec=1.68 mA.
The output power of one cell is
P1=30kV.1.68mA=50.4W. By mounting 100
such cells on the same shaft we can get 100
times greater output power i.e. Po=5kW.
If the thickness of one cell is 3cm then the
dimensions of such a generator would be
1m×1m×3m taking about 3m3 of rectangu

lar volume.
2. In the second case r=1m thus S=3.14m2. There
is d=2cm air gap between the electrodes and
8 segments per disc. This allows 60kV
maximal output voltage and about 6kV input
voltage.
The capacitance of one cell is C=1.39E–9F,
and it can store Q=8.34E–6C charge at
6kV. The total charge transferred in one
revolution is Qo=8.Q=6.67E
5C. If the ro

tational speed is 12000 rot/min=200 rot/sec
then the current is I=13.34mA. This cur

rent gives P1=800W power at 60kV. By
mounting 50 such cells on the same shaft
the total output power will be Po=40kW.
With a cell thickness of 5cm, this generator
would have a dimension of 2m×2m×2.5m
taking a rectangular volume of 10m3. With
a positive feedback the electrical and
mechanical input power can be acquired
24 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
from the output and the device can be made
self
sustaining.
Although theoretically any amount of power
could be achieved with such generators, there
is a practical limit in increasing the diameter
and the speed of rotation. When the diameter
and the speed of rotation is too high, huge cen

trifugal forces will appear that can break apart
the rotor. At the same time the danger of vi

brations will be great and high precision ma

chining will be required to minimize this ef

fect. Thus if anyone ventures to make such gen

erators, he should first consult a machine
Plans for the colonization of the Moon, an

nounced by the President of the USA, have
clear commercial goals. In 20–30 years oil and
gas will no longer be used as sources of energy.
Scientists and politicians of all countries pin
their hopes on thermonuclear fusion, the ideal
fuel for which is Helium
3. In the opinion of
Academician Halimov, extraction and transpor

tation of Helium
3 from the Moon could be

come the most promising and profitable means
of energy generation (as reported in his speech
“Problems and Prospects of Exploration of the
Moon and Other Planets” given at a session of
the Russian Academy of Sciences Presidium
held on December 23, 2003).
engineer to perform the necessary calculation
for the mechanical stability of the device and
follow his design (to prevent the mechanical
explosion of the rotor).
A further problem is that in such cases the fric

tion of the air will increase to a considerable
level and diminish the efficiency of the device.
This can be avoided by evacuating the sealed
chamber in which the rotor is spinning. There
are some other more practical ways of increas

ing the performance and the output power, but
those methods will be discussed on a separate
page later.
Moon Colonization
and Alternative
Energy Technologies
an online and published
magazine about Electric,
Hybrid, Fuel Cell Vehicles,
advanced batteries, ultra
capacitors, fuel cells,
microturbines, free energy
systems, events and
exhibitions worldwide
63600 Deschutes Mkt Rd,
Bend Oregon, 97701
541
388
1908
fax 541
388
2750
etimes@teleport.com
www.electrifyingtimes.com
Subscription $13/3 issues
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 25
About GFE — who are
we?
Klaus Jebens, President and CEO
of the GFE, son of Heinrich Jebens,
inventor and president of the “Deut

sches Erfinderhaus” in Hamburg, has
established the “Jebens Group of
Companies” a few decades ago and
has since been successful in business
and as an inventor with 63 patents
to his name.
Dirk Schadach, Head of Develop

ment, masters degree in physics, spe

cial emphasis on applied physics of
electromagnatic fields including
EMC. Professional carreer in the
fields of the electric energy technol

ogies, fuel cell applications, establish

ment of private research institutes in
the areas of Frankfurt (1999–2000)
and Berlin (2002–2003)
The Development + Research
Team /GFE consits of a group of ap

prox. 10 scientists and engineers who
back this society and do not publi

cise their work. Due to this teamwork
it was possible to register a first pat

ent in 2003.
GFE
Gesellschaft zur Förderung Freier Energy
(Society for Development of Free Energy
Technologies)
A non-profit organisation committed to
making use of new regenerative sources of
energy of inexhaustible availability.
Merkurring 100
D-22143 Hamburg / Germany
Tel. +49(0)40-679 459 12
Fax. +49(0)40-679 459 59
Internet: www.gfe-hamburg.de
E-mail: K.Jebens@Jebens-Gruppe.de
BEGINN
(www.beginn.biz)
The Bergedorf Society of Innova

tions contributes to our development
work with regard to the radiation/
energy converter in supplying the
know
how of their physicists, re

searchers and engineers.
Schedule of
Development. History
In November 1930 Heinrich Jebens
travelled to America on the invita

tion of T.A. Edison and other inven

tors and was asked by Nicola Tesla to
join him on a test ride of a newly de

veloped car which was driven on “ra

diant energy”. This test ride proved
to be an overwhelming success.
The Devolpment Work
of GFE
Research and evaluation of old and
new publications and essays concern

ing inventions and scientific work on
innovative energy conversion tech

nologies worldwide.
Undertaking investigations into all
promising methods by which it might
be possible to gain access to new
sources of energy and convert these
into electric power.
26 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Construction of working models (incl. specified
documentation) to test the efficiency of such en

ergy converters in the laboratory, followed by
improving adjustments and finally the construc

tion of prototypes that live up to present day
levels of technology with a view to operating
efficiency, durability and economic life time,
security in operation and exclusion of possible
health risks.
One basic patent for the radiant energy converter
(name TSEK) has been filed as a result of several
years’ development work, specified amendments
to follow.
Innovative Energy Technologies
The primary objective of our work is the utili

zation of such energy as was discovered more
than 100 years ago by Nikola Tesla and was re

ferred to by him as “radiant energy” or “radia

tions”. Since the late 30s of the past century this
discovery was neglected and almost forgotten.
Since that time the world’s population has quad

rupled to some 7,000 million and the number of
cars worldwide has risen to nearly 1,000 mil

lion. To supply the energy for our population
and vehicles we basically rely on fossil fuels
which over the next 25 years will be increas

ingly in shorter supply and therefore become
more and more expensive.
It is now foreseeable that the oil reserves will
run dry within 50 to 70 years and remaining oil
reserves should remain for the use in the chem

ical industries. Bearing this in mind we are ad

dressing the task of solving these impending
(energy) problems.
All other known regenerative energy sources
can only supply a small portion of the energy
needed and even if extensively promoted could
not supply more than 25% of total energy needs.
Nuclear energy should be discarded in steps as
quickly as possible due to the problems of its
waste disposal and the general danger.
So, how do we go on in future?
Make use of INNOVATIVE ENERGY SOURCES;
for which pioneers have prepared the path over
the last 150 years.
Space Energy and Radiations
The space around us is full of potential energy and
noncoherent high frequency electro
magnetic en

ergy from a natural source which we cannot utilize
at present. We call this source of inexhaustable
engery simply “space energy” which is available in
space everywhere like a sea of endless energy.
Now, so far we have looked at this source from
the wrong side and this is the reason why our es

tablished researchers have not found a way of gain

ing access to it.
It is the declared aim of the GFE to find a way of
utilizing this inexhaustable source of energy and
convert it to electric power. Some scientists and
inventors, such as Nikola Tesla, Thomas H. Moray
and Hans Coler, have already mastered this task
with working prototypes decades ago and have then
taken this secret with them to their graves.
Apparently, at that time mankind was not ready for
a change to such breathtaking new technologies
which tended towards an infras
tructure of decen

tralised energy supply. Fragments of these discov

eries still available have been incorporated into the
development and research work done by GFE.
Future Advantages
• Low Cost Energy tapped from this inexhaust

able source in the universe (vacuum field, zero
point energy, space energy) this energy will
be converted to electric power or directly into
mechanical energy by means of a converter,
called The Radiant
Energy
Converter.
• Protection of the Environment and Climate.
Reduction of CO2 – emission Reduction of
nuclear power. Saving fossil fuels.
• Reduction of Electro
Smog. High current
overhead power lines can be reduced step by
step as small businesses and private households
change their energy supply to decentralised
systems. Only for big industrial users requir

ing more than 1 MW would power stations
and overhead power lines be required.
• A Better World. The poorer population in the
third world and development countries with
their emerging markets will also benefit from
this new technology, offering them affordable
low cost energy for a number of development
projects (i.e. water supply and distribution to
desert areas, etc.).
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 27
A new apparatus for the generation of energy based on new physical prin

ciples has been constructed by a Moscow inventor. Igor Glebovich
Bogdanov is the author of this device. It is intended for the creation of
power sources for vehicular stations operating on various types of trans

port. The device can be used on aircraft, seagoing ships and also for the
construction of electric power stations operating on new physical prin

ciples. According to Bogdanov’s opinion, a constituent part of his sys

tem may be used for the realization of a controlled nuclear fusion reac

tion. His machine contains a rotating device comprising a stator and a
rotor. The latter contains a rotated liquid.
Patents: RU 2203518 C2 of 04.27.2003, Bulletin №12, Bogdanov I.G.
RU 2200875 C2 of 03.20.2003, Bulletin № 8, Bogdanov I.G.
Contact information: Bogdanov I.G. Stary Guy Str., 6
1
151, Moscow
Russia, 111402
New Energy Converter Invented
A new device for generating energy based on
new physical principles has been proposed
by a Moscow inventor, IGOR GLEBOVICH
BOGDANOV.
J N E T
New Energy Technologies
A collection of articles Japanese Version
A collection of articles from New Energy Technologies
magazine, 2001–2002 has been published in Japan
To purchase the book, please, contact
Eiichi Yamamoto
President of Yama Trans Co. Ltd
email: admin@yamatrans.co.jp or
eyama@yamatrans.co.jp
28 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Abstract
Following our investigation of mo

tional electromagnetic induction
started in this journal [1], we
search for torque location in “con

fined B
field” homopolar dynamo

tors. Angular momentum conser

vation precludes a local interac

tion between the magnet creating
the field and a current carrying wire,
as happens in the “open B
field”
configurations formerly investi

gated. Angular momentum balance
takes place now between the active
current and the magnet plus the
yoke as a whole.
Electromotive Force
due to Spinning
Magnets
As advanced in 2002 in
this journal [1] and
widely published subse

quently [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10], a spinning magnet
induces a Lorentz
type
electric field responsible
for a motional Hall effect
[11] in the bulk of near

by conductors (figure 1).
The figure corresponds
to a clockwise north
pole magnet rotation
beneath two conduct

ing wires: a probe and a closing (cir

cuit) wire at rest in the lab. In both
the above pieces electrons move
centripetally. Each wire becomes an
electromotive force (emf.) source.
If the ends of the wires are connect

ed, the whole circuit behaves as two
identical emf. sources connected in
opposition and current cannot flow.
If, enabling electrical continuity
between the wires, the probe is an

chored to the magnet, then direct
current (DC) flows through the
whole circuit [1, 2]. When the
probe is at rest relative to the mag

net, induction only takes place on
the closing wire, which is in motion
relative to the magnet. The probe
plays a passive role: to provide a
current path [1, 2, 3].
The above experimental discovery,
in full agreement with Weber’s elec

trodynamics [12, 13], puts an end to
frequent misconceptions concerning
motional electromagnetic induction
[14, 15, 16, 17, 18] and gives some
credit to “rotating field lines” advo

cates [19].
A “Confined B-field”
Homopolar Dynamotor
Jorge GUALA-VALVERDE1
and Pedro MAZZONI2
E.mail: fundacionjuliopalacios@usa.net
1 Subsecretaria Energi;a Neuquen Government + Eje;rcito Argentino. Neuquen
AR
2 Fundacio;n Julio Palacios. Neuquen
AR
Closing wire
Probe
Magnet
Fig. 1. Homopolar Setup Magnet, Probe and Closing Wire
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 29
Torque Acting on Magnets
free to Spin
The engine sketched in figure 1 exhibits a re

versible behaviour: Injecting DC through the
electrically connected but mechanically decou

pled wires, a motor configuration takes place.
Obviously, if the probe is soldered to the clos

ing wire giving rise to a closed loop, torque
cancellation precludes both magnet and loop
rotation.
“A Confined B-field”
Homopolar Motor
A slight variation of our former experiments [1]
was developed in order to study the behaviour of
homopolar motors when the magnetic field re

mains confined in an iron core. Figure 2 sketches
an iron core, the “yoke” from here on, available to
confine the B
field generated by a uniform cylin

drical permanent magnet able to rotate about its
symmetry axis.
Traversing the yoke, collinearly aligned with
the magnet shaft, is the left branch of a carry

ing DC wire loop. Laplace force acts on this
left wire but is inefficient for developing rota

tional torque. Both the upper horizontal
branch and the right vertical one are located
in a region free of B
field actions (neglecting
leakage). The lower horizontal branch, the
probe from here on, lies in the intense B
field
region (air gap). The loop itself can be consid

ered as consisting of a probe connected to a
closing wire. According to standard electrody

namics, the probe would be the active region
for torque generation on the coil and rotation
will take place for current sufficient to over

come frictional torque.
A Confined B-field machine
That fact suggested us, in order to enhance the
effects, to replace the single loop by a coil of
N
loops. In our actual setup the probe “active
length” reaches some 4 cm, N=20, and the
B
field on the probe amounts to some 0,1 T.
Whilst coil dynamical behaviour is trivially
predicted, the same cannot be said when refer

ring to the magnet. From theoretical consid

erations we cannot expect continuous magnet
rotation, since it would imply angular momen

tum creation. Due to spatial constraints im

posed by the yoke, the coil is unable to describe
a full rotation and, after a limited angular ex

cursion, it will collide with the yoke remain

ing at rest. A continuous magnet rotation
would imply the generation of an unbalanced
angular momentum, without any identifiable
source. Moreover, if we admit the coincidence
between kinematical and dynamical rotations
[20], we would expect a force interaction be

tween the coil and the magnet plus the core as
a whole magnetised bulk. In order to check the
above rationale, we have performed the follow

ing experiments.
EXPERIMENTAL-1
1-a Both coil and magnet free
to rotate in the lab
A (centrifugal on the lower branch) DC ranging
from 1 to 20 A is injected in the coil located on
the north pole of the magnet.
The predicted torque is observed when DC reach

es some 2 A, which suffices to overcome friction
on the coil
bearings. As expected, rotation revers

es when centripetal DC is injected in the circuit.
Fig. 2. Confined Bfield machine
ClosingWire
Probe
Magnet
Yoke
30 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Magnet rotation never was detected albeit in
our experiments frictional torque on the mag

net never exceeded 3×10–3 N.m.
1-b Coil attached to the
magnet
With the coil attached to the magnet, both co

rotate in the clockwise sense when centrifu

gal (on the active branch) DC exceeds some
4 A. Motion reverses when centripetal DC is
injected. Due to action
reaction cancellation,
this experiment rules out a local interaction
magnet/coil. The behaviour of the above en

gine exhibits a strong departure from the
equivalent “open
field” configuration, and is
the first indication that the interaction would
take place between the (magnet + yoke) as a
whole and the active branch of the coil. With
the aim of throw light on that issue we de

signed and performed two independent sets of
experiments.
EXPERIMENTAL-2
2-a Probe and closing wire
mechanically decoupled
A L
shaped wire is adopted as probe. Both probe
and closing wire are electrically connected via
mercury beds [1, 3] but mechanically decoupled
(figure 3 + photo 1).
The probe is free to rotate in the air gap, whereas
the closing wire remains anchored to the bench.
When the probe carries a centrifugal DC amount

ing to some 4 A, then a net probe clockwise rota

tion is detected. Rotation becomes counter
clock

wise when centripetal DC is injected. When DC
is raised up to 50 A, no magnet rotation is ob

served.
2-b Probe attached to the
magnet
Probe attached to the magnet, both free to rotate
in the air gap. A net clockwise rotation is observed
when centrifugal DC reaches some 10 A. Rota

tion reverses when centripetal DC is injected.
The closing wire, responsible for a magnet ro

tation in the “open field” equivalent configu

ration, lies now in a field
less region, becom

ing a passive element for torque generation.
On the other hand, a magnetised body (the
yoke in our actual case) is unable to put in ro

tation another magnetised body (the magnet
itself in our actual case). A dragging of the
magnet by the probe appears to be the most
plausible explanation for the observed phe

nomenon. In order to give additional credit to
the latter hypothesis, we replace the uniform
cylindrical magnet by a piece in which a circu

lar sector amounting to some 15o was removed
(photo 2). This modification introduces a short
range singularity in which B
field locally
reverses [1, 2, 3, 4].
Fig. 3. Setup employed in section 2–experiments
Ingoing DC
Mercury Cup
Outgoing
Probe DC
Yoke Magnet
Photo 1. Corresponding to Fig 3
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 31
2-c Probe free to rotate
in the magnet’s singularity
As expected, and due to field reversal, when
the probe carries a centrifugal DC amounting
to some 4 A, it itself rotates in the counter

clockwise sense, whereas the magnet rotates in
the clockwise sense. Clearly, a local interaction
in full agreement with Newton’s third law takes
place in this arrangement.
EXPERIMENTAL-3
3-a Symmetric counterpart
of 1-a
With the aid of two 4 meter steel wires an

chored to the ends of its upper branch, the yoke
(ca. 80 kg weight) itself was suspended from
the ceiling. Fixing the (20 turns) coil in the
lab, a counter
clockwise yoke rotation amount

ing to ca. 1 degree is detected when centrifu

gal (on the active branch) DC reaches some
50A. Constrained rotation takes place about
the line in which lies the magnet axle. This
minute effect is easily amplified by optical
means. Rotation becomes clockwise when DC
reverses.
By attaching the coil to the yoke no angular devi

ation is detected even for DC as high as 100 A.
“Confined B-field”
Homopolar Generator
If the homopolar dynamotor is a reversible en

gine [1, 2] the conclusions drawn for the motor
configuration can be applied, mutatis mutandis
to a generator configuration:
1. Oscillating Coil
Spatially constrained rotation of the coil de

livers a NωBR2/2 emf which changes sign when
rotation is reversed. The measured output re

mains unchanged when the coil is attached to
the magnet. These qualitative experiments
were performed with the aid of a 1000 turns coil
manually moved. The output signal was
amplified with the aid of a linear amplifier.
When, with the coil at rest in the lab, the
magnet is spun up to some 5 rps no electrical
signal is detected in the coil.
2. Decoupled circuit
We have not performed experiments on gener

ation with the probe mechanically decoupled
from the closing wire. Nevertheless, and due
to the full reversibility exhibited by electro

Photo 2. Corresponding to experiments 2c + 2d
2-d Probe attached to the
magnet in the singularity
No rotation is observed with the probe attached
to the magnet when DC as high as 100 A is in

jected in the circuit, despite the frictional
torque being the same as in 2
b. Action
reac

tion cancellation in the singularity destroys ro

tational mutual actions between the probe and
the magnet. Consequently, this experiment rules
out the hypothesis of a “hidden” torque acting
on the magnet.
Conclusively, the active branch of the cur

rent carrying loop is the only piece able to
drag the magnet. Our experiments prove that
the magnet can no more be the seat of reac

tive torques, as in the “open
field” configura

tion. In “confined
field” arrangements, it only
plays a passive electro
mechanical role: to
provide a magnetic field source. Force inter

action is now between the current and the
whole magnetised bulk.
32 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
mechanical conversion [1, 2], it is easy to infer
the behaviour of each component in an actual
engine. We apply, step
by
step, to generation
the protocol formerly developed for the motor:
2-a’
If the probe is spun, then it will generate an
emf which changes sign when rotation is re

versed. Magnet rotation is unable to gener

ate emf.
2-b’
If the probe rotates anchored to the magnet,
the same output as in 2
a will be displayed.
When dealing with “confined
field” arrange

ments, magnet rotation doesn’t play any active
role in emf generation. The above finding gives
partial credit to old statements due to Panof

sky [16] and Feynman [17], although they were
wrong for “open
field” configurations.
2-c’, 2-d’
Probe in motion relative to the magnet will de

velop an emf. No emf can be expected when the
magnet is spun with the probe attached in the
singularity.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Homopolar phenomena have been a trouble

some issue for the theory of electrodynamics
for almost two centuries [21]. The whole set
of experiments performed on both “open” and
“confined” configurations exhibits a common
feature: angular momentum conservation. Re

active forces, which have their seat on the mag

net in “open” configurations, “shift” to the
whole magnetised bulk when “confined” ar

rangements are employed. The above findings
are fully consistent with the Amperian surface

currents responsible for magnetic effects [22].
The source of magnetic field (the magnet it

self) induces Amperian surface currents on the
whole yoke, and each of them interacts with
the ohmic current traversing the circuit.
A few words on the (in archaic language) “ro

tating”/“fixed” field
lines controversy can be
said in the light of our experiments:
For “open” configurations all happens as if B

lines rotate anchored to the magnet, whereas the
above lines appear to be attached to the whole
magnetised bulk, when dealing with “confined”
arrangements.
Unlike the “open” configuration, in the “con

fined” one, only an active torque τ(M+Y),C exists
due to the (magnet + yoke) body, acting on the
active (ohmic) current C. The active current re

acts on the (magnet + yoke) body with the equal
but opposite torque τC, (M+Y). Total angular mo

mentum remains null: L = LM+Y + LC = 0, which
means that (Iω)M+Y = –(Iω)C .
Our experiments confirm Muller’s measure

ments concerning homopolar motional induc

tion, as applied to emf generation [23, 24]. Un

fortunately, Muller (as well as Wesley [25])
failed when attempting to rationalize the ob

served facts. The above due to a misconception
about the relevant parts involved in the whole
interaction. Muller centered his analysis in the
magnet/wire pair, rather than in the (magnet
+ yoke)/wire one which is, in fact, the physi

cally relevant pair. The Muller/Wesley ration

ale entails doubts about angular momentum
conservation.
APPENDIX.
Experimental details
In order to diminish frictional torque on the mag

net’s bearings, we developed the contrivance
shown in figure 4 and photo 3.
The magnet itself is embedded in a teflon “boat”
able to float in a mercury bed. Archimedes push
diminishes the apparent weight of the whole piece.
Mechanical contact between the magnet and the
yoke is achieved with the aid of 4 steel balls “sand

wiched” between two circular paths, respectively
inscribed in both the contacting faces of the yoke
and the magnet. Mercury is added until the mag

net smoothly slides on the yoke.
Acknowledgments: To Tom E. Phipps Jr. and Cris
Gagliardo for valuable collaboration.
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 33
REFERENCES
[1] J. Guala
Valverde, Physica Scripta 66, 252 (2002).
[2] J. Guala
Valverde & P. Mazzoni, Rev. Fac. Ing. UTA
(Chile), 10, 1 (2002).
[3] J. Guala
Valverde, P. Mazzoni & R. Achilles,
Am. J. Physics 70, 1052 (2002).
[4] J. Guala
Valverde, Spacetime & Substance 3 (3), 140
(2002).
[5] J. Guala
Valverde, Infinite Energy 8, 47 (2003).
[6] J. Guala
Valverde et al., New Energy Technologies 7
(4), 37 (2002).
[7] J. Guala
Valverde, “News on Electrodynamics”, Fond.
Louis de Broglie, in press (2003).
[8] F.R. Fernбndez, Spacetime & Substance, 4 (14), 184 (2002).
[9] R. Achilles, Spacetime & Substance, 5 (15), 235 (2002).
[10] G.R. Dixon & E. Polito, “Relativistic Electrodynamics Updated”, (2003) www.maxwellsociety.net
[11] J. Guala
Valverde & P. Mazzoni, Am. J. Physics, 63, 228 (1995).
[12] A.K.T. Assis & D.S. Thober, “Unipolar Induction…”, Frontiers of Fundamental Physics. Plenum,
NY pp.409 (1994).
[13] A.K.T. Assis, Weber’s Electrodynamics, Kluwer, Dordrecht (1994).
[14] E.H. Kennard, Phil. Mag.23, 937 (1912), 33, 179 (1917).
[15] D.F. Bartlett et al.Physical Review D 16, 3459 (1977).
[16] W.K.H. Panofsky & M. Phillips, Classical Electricity and Magnetism, Addisson
Wesley, NY (1995).
[17] R. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics
II, Addisson
Wesley, NY (1964).
[18] A. Shadowitz, Special Relativity, Dover, NY (1968).
[19] A.G. Kelly, Physics Essays, 12, 372 (1999).
[20] A.K.T. Assis, Relational Mechanics, Apeiron, Montreal (1999).
[21] H. Montgomery, Eur.J.Phys., 25, 171 (2004).
[22] T.E. Phipps & J. Guala
Valverde, 21st Century Science & Technology, 11, 55 (1998).
[23] F. J. Muller, Progress in Space
Time Physics, Benj. Wesley Pub., Blumberg, p.156 (1987).
[24] F.J. Muller, Galilean Electrodynamics, 1, Nє3, p.27 (1990).
[25] J.P. Wesley, Selected Topics in Advanced Fundamental Physics, Benj. Wesley Pub., Blumberg, p.237 (1991).
Teflon cup
Mercury
Teflon “boat”
Yoke
Magnet
Steel ball
Fig. 4. Contrivance employed to diminish frictional torque on the bearings
Photo 3. Corresponds to Fig. 4
34 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
We have just obtained approval to
apply for patents on high
efficien

cy devices generating additional
heat energy. The time has come to
invite other researchers to join our
project. The process of adapting
this technology will evolve more
efficiently if novice researchers
know the most crucial problems
facing us on our way to commercial

izing these devices. That is why we
have decided to start publishing
patented schemes of hydroelectric
heat generator cells and explaining
the most complicated problems that
might hinder the process of their
commercialization. The evaluation
process of the electric energy con

An Analysis Of The Evaluation Process
Of The Electric Energy Consumed
By A Hydroelectric Heat Generator
F.M. KANAREV, Krasnodar, Russia
e-mail: kanphil@mail.kuban.ru
Fig. 1. The cell of a hydroelectric
heat generator
Fig. 2. A scheme of the experimental installation
1 — reservoir for solution;
2 — thermometer;
3 — electric scales;
4 — channel for solution feeding;
5 — rotameter;
6 — solution feed regulator;
7 — hydroelectric heat generator cell;
8 — thermometer;
9 —drain for heated solution;
10 — receiving reservoir
sumed by a hydroelectric heat gen

erator in household or industrial
conditions is one of the problems.
This is why a detailed analysis of
the process using real experimen

tal data will be given below.
The evaluation was carried out us

ing a laboratory prototype of the
most efficient hydroelectric heat
generator cell (Fig. 1). A draft of this
cell will be published after a patent
has been issued.
A scheme of the experimental instal

lation is shown in Fig. 2.
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 35
The voltage and the current on the input of the cell
of the hydroelectric heat generator were evaluated
by two sets of devices: a voltmeter with an accura

cy rating of 0.2 (GOST 8711
78), an ammeter with
an accuracy rating of 0.2 (GОSТ 8711
60) and the
ASK
2022 electronic oscillograph.
In order to reduce heat losses that were not taken
into consideration during the experiment, the
temperature differential of the solution before and
after being heated in the cell was kept at a consid

erably low level dt=21oC.
The results of the experiment are set out in Table 1.
Since the energy efficiency of the cell turned out to
be high, we decided to back up the voltmeter and
ammeter readings with oscillograph readings. Hav

ing received the oscillograph records, we turned to
a specialist in measuring systems and devices. He
had the kindness to assent to help us by studying
the oscillograph records and sending us back the re

sults and a description of the processing method. In
his letter, he wrote that our evaluation of electric
energy on the cell input was absolutely correct. As a
token of gratitude we included his name in the list
of the authors of our first article, which comprised a
description of the approach proposed by him and the
results of its implementation.
Since experts in measuring systems and equip

ment are quite rare, and taking into consideration
our specialist’s great experience, we treated his
opinion with great respect. All our further actions
were based on the authority of his recommenda

Fig. 3. Voltage
Indices 1 2 3 Avrg.
1 – mass of the solution, passed through the cell m, kg. 0.600 0.624 0.600 0.608
2 – solution temperature on the cell input t1, degrees Celsius. 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0
3 – solution temperature on the cell output t2, degrees Celsius. 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.0
4 – solution temperature difference dt=t2–t1, degrees Celsius. 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
5 – duration of the experiment dτ, seconds 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
6 – voltmeter indications V, volts 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
6' – oscillograph indications V', volts 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
7 – ammeter indications I, amperes 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
7' – oscillograph indications I', amperes 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
8 – energy consumption according to voltmeter and ammeter indications
E1=I.V.dτ, kJ 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
9 – heated solution energy, E2=3,04.m.dt , kJ 36.48 37.94 36.48 36.97
10 – cell energy efficiency K=E2 /E1 40.53 42.15 40.53 41.07
Тable 1
tions. The voltage (Fig. 3) and amperage (Fig. 4)
oscillograph records, as well as the methods of
their handling, are given below.
Fig. 4. Current
36 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
The impulse scale factor is 10. The average volt

age amplitude (Fig. 3) is:
Uаavrg = (29+31+8+33) × 10/4 = 252.5 V.
The amperage was determined as the decrease
in voltage in a 0.1 Ohm resistor. Taking this
into account, the average current amplitude
will be (Fig. 4):
Iаavrg=(1.7+0.8+1.7+2.1)×0.2×10/(4 × 0.1)=31.5 А.
Impulse repetition interval Т = 7.4 ms.
Impulse length tp= 0.28 ms.
Impulse frequency f =1000/7.4 = 135.14 Hz.
Intermittency factor S = 7.4/0.28 = 26.43.
Impulse duty factor Z = 0.5/26.43 = 0.019.
Average impulse voltage value
Uavrg= 0.019×252.5 = 4.80 V.
Average impulse current
Iavrg= 0.019×31.5 = 0.60 А.
It follows from the data that the divergence be

tween the voltmeter, ammeter (Table 1) and os

cillograph does not exceed 5%. This fact was a
strong reason to consider the data obtained to be
correct.
However, later on, the author of the proposed
method announced that he had begun to doubt
whether the method used to evaluate the energy
consumed by the cell of a hydroelectric heat gen

erator was entirely correct.
In this situation I, being the scientific advisor of
the present research, had to perform a detailed
analysis of the evaluation process of the energy
consumed by the hydroelectric heat generator cell.
The results of this analysis are given below.
In order to simplify the process of analysis, a scheme
that can be called structural was developed (Fig. 5).
In addition to the data set out in Table 1, the volt

age and current ahead of the impulse generator
were evaluated (Fig. 5, Pos. 3) during the experi

ment. The voltage at that point equaled the volt

age in the mains (220 V). The amperage remained
permanent and amounted to 0.60А.
The average voltage value 5.0 V and average am

perage value 0.60 А (Fig. 5) on the input of the
cell of a hydroelectric heat generator (1) are in

scribed into the schematic symbols representing
the voltmeter and ammeter.
The average voltage impulse amplitude amount

ed to 252.5 V, the average voltage value being 5 V.
The average current impulse amplitude amount

ed to 31.5 А, the average current value being
0.60 А (Fig. 5). The impulse duration amounted
to 0.00028, the intermittency factor and impulse
duty factor being 26.43 and 0.019 respectively.
According to the voltmeter, ammeter and oscil

lograph readings, the power on the cell input av

erages P0=5 × 0.6=3.0W. Taking this into con

sideration the cell’s energy efficiency will be
41.07 × 100 = 4107% (Table 1). The same result
is obtained during the processing of the oscillo

graph records.
It is known that the evaluation of voltage and cur

rent in electric circuits with complicated impulses
(Fig. 3 and 4) by oscillograph is considered to be
the most reliable method, yet not the most precise.
That is why oscillograph readings that differ from
back
up voltmeter and ammeter readings by no more
than 5% are considered to be indisputable. This is a
reason to conclude that the index of energy efficien

cy of processes taking place inside the cell of a hy

droelectric heat generator amounts to 4000%.
In order to be absolutely sure of the result ob

tained, the voltmeter, ammeter and oscillograph
readings must be backed up by another, more pre

cise indicator. One indicator is an electronic en

ergy counter, which that we do not possess. How

Fig. 5. A scheme of the evaluation of hydroelectric
heat generator electric parameters
1 – hydroelectric heat generator cell;
2 – electric oscillograph;
3 – impulse generator;
4 – voltage impulse;
5 – current impulse; other circuit components correspond
to the agreed notation.
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 37
ever, knowing its working principle, we can theo

retically calculate the final result of its evaluation.
First of all, an electronic counter will register the
energy of every impulse. Since the energy is pro

portional to the pulse area, the electronic energy
counter will separately determine the area of eve

ry voltage and current impulse (Fig. 3 and 4).
Then, let us assume that the areas of voltage and
amperage impulses obtained will be multiplied by
the number of impulses per experiment (300/
0.0074)=40540.54. After this, the multiplication
of the total voltage impulse area by the total cur

rent impulse area will show the amount of energy
consumed by the cell (1). Taking into considera

tion a triangle shape of impulses, we get the fol

lowing:
Voltage impulses area
252.5×0.5×0.00028×40540.54 =1418.92
Current impulses area
31.5×0.5×0.00028×40540.54 =178.38
According to this method of registration of
the energy consumed by the cell of a heat
generator, the amount of energy will total
Е=1418.92×178.38=253.1 kJ. This result is ob

viously incorrect as it exceeds the readings of
the devices connected before the impulse gen

erator 220×0.6×300=39.6 kJ. Where is the mis

take? In order to find it, we have to calculate
the same energy using the voltage and current
impulses in order to determine the power gen

erated by the cell. The total voltage and cur

rent impulse areas per second have to be
found and then multiplied together. The
number of impulses per second equals a fre

quency of impulses of 135.14 Hz. Then the
total area of voltage impulses per second will
be 252.5×0.5×0.00028×135.14=4.78 V. The to

tal area of current impulses will amount to
31.5×0.5×0.00028×135.14= 0.60 А. One can see
that these values agree with those obtained during
the processing of the oscillograph records. Then,
the power generated by the cell will total
4.78×0.60=2.87 W while the energy consumed
by it from the mains will be 2.87×300=0.86 kJ.
The energy efficiency of the process will be
36.97/0.86=42.50. Connecting a voltmeter and
ammeter before the cell, allow us to confirm the
result obtained. In Table 1 this value equals 41.07.
Now it is much easier to answer the question of why
the devices connected before the impulse genera

tor (3) indicate hat the impulse generator and the
cell together consume 39.6 kJ during the experiment,
while taking into consideration all voltage and cur

rent impulse area results in the value 253.1 kJ?
In order to do so, let us pay attention to the fact that,
as follows from Fig.5, the value of the current is com

mon for the whole circuit, while the voltage values
differ. The voltage before the impulse generator (3)
totals 220 V, while the voltage ahead of the cell and
after it leaves the impulse generator is 5 V. This means
that during the calculation of the power consumed
by the cell, performed by means of evaluating the volt

age and current areas, we need to take into consider

ation the total area of voltage impulses only and then
multiply this area by the value of current com

mon for the whole circuit, i.e. by 0.6 А. Then we
will have 252.5×0.5×0.00028×0.6×41095.98=0.87 kJ.
The energy efficiency of the process will amount
to 36.97/0.87=42.50.
Thus, if we calculate the energy consumed by the
cell by means of an electronic energy counter, con

nected before the cell, we shall get the same re

sult as obtained by studying the voltmeter, am

meter and oscillograph readings.
This is enough evidence to show that the energy
efficiency value of the cell of a heat generator ex

ceeds 4000%. The laboratory results of this index
are stable and reliable.
The question arises of whether the existing elec

trical measuring instruments connected before the
impulse generator (Fig. 5, Pos. 3) can confirm the
present efficiency
As one can see from Fig. 5, at an efficiency factor
of the impulse generator equaling or approximat

ing unity, an ammeter connected ahead of the im

pulse generator (3) will indicate 0.60А, and a volt

meter will indicate 220 V. As a result, the power
generated by the impulse generator (3) and the
cell (1) will total P1=220×0.60=132 W. In this
case, the energy efficiency of the cell of a hydroe

lectric heat generator, taking into consideration
the heated solution energy (Table 1) will be less
than unity (36970/300=123.23)/132=0.93.
Thus, if the efficiency factor of the impulse genera

tor (3) equals unity, the readings of the devices con

nected before and after the impulse generator, are
forty times greater. The question is: which measur

ing instruments permits us to reveal the result
matching the true amount of energy consumed by
38 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
the cell of a hydroelectric heat generator? Those
connected before the impulse generator (3) or those
connected after it? What is the physical essence of
the difference between the two aspects?
In order to answer this question, we need to pay
more attention to the physical processes that take
place during the evaluation of the voltage and
current before the impulse generator (3).
The readings of the voltmeter connected before
the impulse generator (3) exceed those of the os

cillograph and the voltmeter connected before the
cell (1). This happens because the voltage ahead
of the impulse generator always equals the volt

age in the mains, 220 V.
Let us pay attention to the fact that a single impulse
(100 Hz) of rectified current with a duration of 0.01
sec is shown before the impulse generator in Fig. 5.
A voltage impulse (4) with a duration of 0.0003 sec.,
which is detached by the impulse generator from the
whole impulse with a duration of 0.01 sec and di

rected to the cell, is also shown in Fig. 5. Strictly
speaking, the remaining area under the curve of the
rectified impulse with a voltage of 220 V must de

crease by a value corresponding to the area of the
impulse sent to the cell and correspond to a voltage
of 220–5=215 V. However, this difference is com

pensated for by the mains potential while the indi

cated area of the impulse with a duration of 0.01 sec.
still corresponds to a voltage of 220V.
Thus, any measuring devices connected before the
impulse generator (3) will register power 40 times
greater than the devices connected before the cell
(1). Now we know that the reason for this is that
the devices connected before the impulse genera

tor (3) attribute a current of 0.60 А not to the
magnitude of the voltage impulse (with a dura

tion of 0.0003 sec.) sent to the cell of a hydroelec

tric heat generator, but to the whole voltage im

pulse (220V) with a duration of 0.01 sec.
It is only now that we may try to answer another
question of whether the efficiency obtained can
be applied in household or industrial conditions
with the aim of achieving energy economy?
Since an electric circuit represents a closed sys

tem, a current of 0.6А will flow through all elec

tric pulse counters installed in the system (with a
voltage of 220 V) all the way up to the electric
power station generator’s turbine. As a result, all
counters will register the power created by the
impulse generator (3) and the cell (1) together,
i.e. 132 W. Such are the features of electric cir

cuits. No energy economy is possible.
Thus, we have two contradicting results: the undis

putable energy efficiency of the hydroelectric heat
generator’s cell totaling almost 4000% and the ina

bility of an electric circuit to make use of the effec

tiveness to economize energy. The main cause for this
contradiction lies in the fact that the cell consumes
energy in the form of short
term voltage and cur

rent impulses, which are not present in the mains.
But what if we turn down the idea of using an im

pulse generator and design an electric energy gen

erator that will create energy in the form of impulses
used by the cell (Fig. 3 and 4)? Evidently, such a
generator must not have any electric communica

tion with the whole electric circuit. In this case, a
power of 3.0 W generated by the cell will be di

rected to the generator shaft. If we make the shaft
common with the shaft of an electric motor setting
the generator in motion, the common shaft will cre

ate a power of 3.0 W for the cell. The power drawn
by the electric motor from the common circuit will
be (taking into consideration any losses) the same.
Summary
A voltmeter, ammeter and oscillograph connect

ed before the cell of a hydroelectric heat genera

tor correctly evaluate the energy consumed by
the generator.
The energy efficiency of the cell of a hydroelectric
heat generator, amounting to 4000%, is registered
in laboratory conditions as stable and reliable.
The high
energy efficiency of a hydroelectric heat
generator can be implemented in modern electric
circuits by using an individual generator creating
electric energy in the form of the voltage and cur

rent impulses consumed by the hydroelectric heat
generator.
REFERENCES
1. Kanarev Ph.M. The Principles of Micro World’s Phys

ical Chemistry. Third edition. — Krasnodar: KSAU
Publishers, 2003. http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net
2. Kanarev Ph.M. The Principles of Micro World’s
Physical Chemistry. Fourth edition. 2004. (In Eng

lish). http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 39
In the present article are considered
ways of low
potential energy conver

sion, making possible the generation of
power, high
grade heat and “cold”.
They involve the use of scientifically
valid and experimentally proven tech

nical solutions, which are realized in
ejector
nozzle devices of turbine en

gines. Unlike known free energy con

verters (using wind or solar energy),
the effectiveness of environmental
energy conversion in the fuel
free tur

bine discussed below engines does not
depend on geographical, temporary or
atmospheric conditions, while their
power density is higher and could be
compared with the power density of
traditional heat engines. They may
work either by using an open cycle and
atmospheric air as the working medi

um, or by using a closed cycle in air

independent systems. The generation
of the needed energy type by the fuel

free systems based on such turbine
engines is performed directly in the
place where it is being consumed. The
absence of materials and devices con

nected with fuel usage in their con

struction makes the work more fail

safe, simplifies the construction and
technology, reduces costs and enables
these devices to be produced at most
engineering plants, making the opera

tion environmentally friendly.
The problems concerned with keep

ing up with society’s growing energy
needs are becoming more acute with
each day. The reduction of hydrocar

bon raw material reserves and the
increase in energy consumption ac

companied by the ever
worsening
environmental situation require
more effective and clean energy con

version technologies, because the ex

isting ones are still not effective. The
uneven heating of atmospheric gas

es, accumulating solar energy and
compressed under the influence of
gravity, causes atmospheric pressure
changes, affecting the balance of the
atmosphere. During its reestablish

ment, both potential and heat ener

gy of air masses are transformed into
kinetic energy. The transformation
of atmospheric energy into the type
that allows it to be used, is per

formed in this stochastic process.
The advantages of windmills using
this type of energy over heat
engines
lies in the performing of mechanical
work without any oxygen consump

tion and in the absence of exhaust gas
production, while the disadvantages
are: low energy density per working
square unit and the inability to con

trol wind velocity.
However, it is possible to break the
atmospheric balance in order to
transform the potential energy of air
masses into kinetic energy by means
of controlled local impacts (for in

stance, in ejector
type devices). By
recreating the equilibrium broken
by the active jet of the working me

dium, the atmosphere performs me

chanical work, the amount of which
depends on the degree, the method
of impact and the parameters of the
ejector devices as well. In the ejec

tion process representing parallel
adjunction to the stationary reactive
jet, the efficiency factor and the ad

ditional mass adjunction coefficient
m (characterizing the adjoining air
mass to active jet ratio) are low be

cause mixing and friction reduce the
active jet speed Caj. As a result, both
the thrust and the kinetic energy of
the reactive mass increase insignifi

cantly.
In another process, that of consecu

tive adjunction (having another
physical basis, which is not necessar

ily related to jet mixing), the impact
of the pulsing active jet creates neg

ative pressure in the ejector muzzle,
Conversion Of Environmental Energy
B.M. KONDRASHOV
Moscow, Russia.
e-mail: kbm@land.ru
40 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
when due to the unbalanced atmospheric pressure
force air is adjoined and accelerated following each
new active jet impulse. The process can take
place practically without mixing the adjoined
masses and reducing the active jet velocity, but
only in a limited range of values and correlations
of such main process parameters as design frequen

cy, shape, duration, the velocity of active jet im

pulses, the speed of the approach flow, and the
correlation of design values of the jet device and
its ejector muzzle.
During the process of adjunction the following
combined reactive mass is obtained:
TM = 1+m,
where 1 is the active jet mass and m is the adjoined
mass, numerically equaling the adjunction coeffi

cient m.
The effectiveness of the process is also character

ized by the combined reactive mass velocity coef

ficient:
wtm = Ctm / Cpj,
where Ctm is the velocity of the combined reac

tive mass (Ctm equals Caj which depends on the
periodical pressure alteration inside the ejector
muzzle); Cpj is the velocity of the pulsing reactive
jet, produced by the working medium with the
same parameters as observed during the forma

tion of the active jet, but increasing in volume at
constant pressure. Let us consider the types of
energy conversion taking place inside engines with
different thermodynamic cycles.
The first type refers to a jet engine with an ejec

tor nozzle diaphragm and the working medium re

sulting from the fuel combustion that takes place
inside the chamber of recurrent combustion. The
process of adjunction in this case is discrete and
consists of a pair of consecutive thermodynamic
cycles repeated with a predefined periodicity. Each
cycle has its own source of energy and working
medium. In the first cycle of each period, the en

ergy of the combustion products is transformed
into the kinetic energy of the first part of the re

active mass, which moves in the ejector muzzle as
a gas piston, creates negative pressure, and on its
outflow acts on the turbine blades, thus creating
angular momentum on the axle. Due to the nega

tive pressure in the muzzle, both the potential and
thermal energy of the atmospheric air, compressed
by gravity, become the main source of energy dur

ing the second cycle. Under the influence of the
difference in pressure this low
grade working
medium expands and accelerates with a drop in
temperature (the difference between a natural
stochastic process and the process being de

scribed is that the latter can be guided in a pre

arranged direction with design thermodynamic
parameters), forming during the outflow from the
muzzle the second part of the reactive mass, which
acts on the blades. Due to the acceleration of the
adjoined air mass, the pressure falls in the muzzle,
thus increasing the potential difference in pres

sure before the outflow of the active jet impulse
of the next period, and, respectively, the kinetic
energy of the present impulse. As a result, the neg

ative pressure in the muzzle rises during the sec

ond cycle of this period, and the velocity of the
air being adjoined also increases. Thus, the trans

formation of the energy of a low
grade source
during the previous period establishes condi

tions for the increase of effectiveness of energy
transformation of another, high
grade source,
in the next period.
Hence, in contrast to the process of parallel ad

junction, when the kinetic energy of the ejecting
jet is decreased by means of redistribution of its
initial energy on a greater gas mass, a periodical
disturbance of atmospheric equilibrium in the
ejector muzzle (under the influence of the ac

tive pulsing jet), creates a potential difference
in pressure with a preset periodicity, providing
for acceleration of the adjoined air masses dur

ing the process of equilibrium recreation, which
results in an increase of the active jet’s kinetic
energy. As a result of this discrete process, the
combined mass with increased kinetic energy, act

ing on the turbine blades, augments the momen

tum on its axle without additional fuel consump

tion. This leads to the generation of the same pow

er, while the fuel consumption is a minimum of m
times, corrected by the wtm value, less than in gas
turbine engines of a traditional design.
After the start of the outflow of combustion prod

ucts, their pressure decreases in the chamber and
before the throat of the nozzle. The degree of “rear”
part expansion of the gaseous mass decreases in
the first cycle and so does its velocity. As a result,
a decrease of decompression in the muzzle and a
reduction of velocity of the adjoined mass are ob

served during the second cycle. The “front” part
of impulses of the combustion products of the next
period extrudes the “rear” part of the adjoined air
mass, which has a lesser speed, out of the muzzle.
All this results in a partial mixing of separated gas

eous masses, which decreases the effectiveness of
the whole process. However, experiments have
shown that even taking into consideration these
losses, the combined reactive mass may have ki

netic energy totaling Etm= 0.5 (1 + m) C2
tm ,which
many times exceeds the active jet’s energy:
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 41
Eaj = 0.5 C2
aj . By ejecting atmospheric air by the
pulsing jet of combustion products, an increase in
thrust totaling 140% was achieved. Etm (taking
into consideration the decrease of wtm due to the
losses caused by partial blending) is 2.4 times
greater than the kinetic energy of the active jet
Eaj. Thus, the major part of the power, created in
this type of energy conversion is generated by
means of transformation of both potential energy
and low
grade heat of gases, compressed under the
influence of gravity, into the kinetic energy of air
mass. The effectiveness of such combined jet tur

bine heat engines should be evaluated by the to

tal efficiency factor, which equals the efficiency
factor of the Carnot cycle, increased by the prod

uct of the m and wtm coefficients.
The second type. Experiments have shown that
the best value of combustion products Caj re

sides in the range of velocities which can be
obtained by expansion of the compressed work

ing medium without additional heating. Con

sequently, combustion products can be replaced
by compressed air, while the combustion cham

ber can be replaced by a pneumatic accumula

tor. On the outflow of air from the pneumatic
accumulator, the pressure at the throat of the
nozzle remains constant during the cycle. That
is why the “rear” part of the gaseous mass of the
active jet’s impulses, decreasing the effective

ness of the adjunction process, is not present,
which practically excludes the mixing of con

secutively moving separated air masses, and,
therefore, the losses on their friction. The wtm
coefficient becomes greater than unity. Since Ctm
equals Caj, the kinetic energy of the combined
mass will be greater than the kinetic energy of
the active jet, i.e. Etm is a minimum m of times
greater than Eaj. The m parameter, which chang

es its value in a range from 10 to 50, depending
on the parameters of the adjunction process, will
exceed the value used in the process with the
active jet of the combustion products, other
conditions being equal. In order to increase the
air pressure inside the pneumatic accumulator,
different methods, as well as external energy
sources, can be used. The energy needed to me

chanically compress the air (ignoring compres

sion losses), amounts to Eaj and ranges from only
1/10 to 1/50 of Etm.
Such an energy balance allows compressing of
the working medium by using the power gener

ated in the processes of transformation of at

mospheric energy into mechanical work during
the previous cycles.
Unsophisticated mathematical calculations show
that it is sufficient to increase Etm, obtained in the
transformation processes by 44% in comparison
with Eaj in order to provide for their self
mainte

nance. Surplus energy can be used by external
consumers. If the value of the m parameter
amounts to just 1, while the efficiency factors of
the turbine and the compressor are 0.85 and 0.8
respectively, the energy obtained in the previous
cycles can be used for the compression of the
working medium, leaving 24% of the available Etm.
Results of experiments have proven the possi

bility of atmospheric energy transformation
during compression of the working medium at
the expense of the power generated during its
transformation in the previous cycles. When we
extrapolate the increase of the kinetic energy by
a factor of 2.4, experimentally obtained in a less
effective process of the consecutive adjunction of
combustion products to the active jet, to a similar
process which uses compressed air to create the
jet, the energy left for external consumers (taking
into consideration losses and compression expens

es) will be not less than 34.2% of Etm.
According to the second law of thermodynamics,
not all the energy of a single source is transformed
into work in the proposed method – part of it is
transformed into the heat of losses and into a high

grade heat during the mechanical compression of
the working medium. This heat can be dispersed
in the environment or used by consumers, which
makes it possible to generate power at the same
time. The temperature of the heat can be regulat

ed depending on the degree of working medium
compression and on the degree of its cooling be

fore expansion. At the atmospheric temperature,
the Caj and Ctm values will reside in a range of the
velocity coefficient л up to 2.45, which is suffi

cient enough to reach peripheral velocities, pro

viding for a high efficiency factor of the turbo

machines.
The air temperature in the processes of energy con

version falls. By controlling the volume of both the
atmospheric air and the cold air on the exhaust,
which are returned to ejector muzzles as adjoined
masses, we can obtain air temperatures that can be
used in air
conditioning systems. If the cold air of
the exhaust, coming from one ejector nozzle is di

rected as adjoined masses to another ejector nozzle
and so on, it can be cooled down to the extremely
low temperatures used in cryogenic devices.
Thus, the atmospheric energy is simultaneously
transformed into three types of energy, that is:
42 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
mechanical energy, high
grade heat energy and
into the “cold” of a design temperature.
This type of energy conversion uses open cycles.
The exhaust gaseous mass is expelled into the at

mosphere. It is cold and does not contain com

bustion products. The main energy sources are the
low
grade temperature of atmospheric air and the
gravity that creates the atmospheric pressure. The
mechanical compression is performed at the ex

pense of the power, generated during the atmos

pheric energy conversion, which takes place in
previous cycles. That is why the devices, using the
present method, are called atmospheric (gravi

tational) fuel
free heat jet engines. Unlike the
known free energy converters (using wind, solar
or geo
thermal types of energy), the effectiveness
of energy conversion in the proposed engines does
not depend on geographical, temporary or atmos

pheric conditions, while their power density is
higher and can be compared with the power den

sity of traditional heat engines. The absence of
materials and devices concerned with fuel usage
in their construction makes the work more fail

safe, simplifies the construction and technology,
reduces production costs and expands the area of
application due to the simultaneous generation of
three types of energy.
Let us consider additional ways of increasing the
effectiveness and expanding the field of applica

tion of fuel
free engines using the following en

gine as an example (Fig. 1).
The engine consists of an ejector nozzle block,
which comprises a convergent propulsive nozzle
1 and an ejector muzzle, the adjoining device 2.
The air
gas channel of the device and of the tur

bines 3 and 4, mounted at the ends of the power
shaft 5, is situated inside this hollow shaft. The
compressor rotors 6, 7 are located on the outside
surface of the shaft. The output of the compressor
stage 30, which is not mounted on the shaft 5, is
connected via its return valve 20 to the pneumat

ic accumulator 18 of the working medium. The
compressed air is fed into the accumulator through
the valves 19 or 20. The valve 21 provides for the
design periodicity and for the duration of the out

flow of the compressed air from the propulsion
nozzle 1. Negative pressure forms in the device 2
Fig. 1
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 43
following the air mass of the impulse. Under the
influence of atmospheric pressure, the adjoined air
accelerates following the air mass of the impulse
through the valves 26, 27, blades 22 of the tur

bine 29, blades 23 of the turbine 3, and through
the directing apparatus 24. The degree of the neg

ative pressure obtained in the device 2, as well the
time period of the pressure remaining stable, de

pend on the geometric parameters of the nozzle 1,
device 2, their correlation and also on the ther

modynamic parameters of the propulsive mass of
the impulses. The degree of the negative pressure
and the time period of its remaining stable influ

ence the amount of the adjoined air, its velocity
and the total head, creating momentum on the
shaft 5 due to the effect of the inflowing air mass
on the blades 23 of the turbine 3 and the effect of
the combined reactive mass on the blades 25 of
the turbine 4, mounted on the other side of the
shaft. The total power obtained is used by com

pressor drives 6, 7 and by external consumers.
By compressing the mass processed in the com

pressor 7 at the expense of the Eus part, an increase
in the effectiveness of the adjunction process can
be achieved; the resulting mass can be bled to the
environment at an increased pressure through the
valve 9 and/or reused by feeding it through the
valve 10 via the в and с channels. During this
process, due to the negative pressure obtained
before the compressor input 7, potential difference
of the pressure increases during the formation of
impulses, which, in turn, leads to an increase in
the active jet’s velocity. The kinetic energy of the
combined reactive mass also increases, accompa

nied by a decrease in temperature and by an in

crease in the momentum on the shaft 5.
Negative pressure, used for augmenting poten

tial difference of the pressure, may be obtained
without additional energy consumption. For
this purpose, jets flowing from the blades 25 of
the turbine 4, are spiraled (variant B) through
the directing apparatus 11. In the volume 12, to
which the outflow is directed, a vortex effect is
created due to the remaining kinetic energy. The
negative pressure created in the central part of
the effect increases potential difference of the
pressure during the expansion of the working
medium. At the same time, the pressure of the
combined mass increases in the peripheral part of
the vortex created. The combined mass acts on the
blades 25 of the turbine 4 via the directing appa

ratus 13, and then (directly after compression in
the compressor 6) is expelled through the valve
16 and/or is directed for reuse through the valve
17. In variant B, potential difference of the pres

sure can be further augmented at the expense of
using the Eus, part by connecting the center of the
volume 12 via the directing apparatus 15 to the
compressor input 6.
During the compression of the resulting low
tem

perature mass, energy consumption on the com

pression work is reduced compared to compres

sion of air at the atmospheric temperature. That
is why open
cycle engines can be used not only as
power generating units, but as effective genera

tors of a high
grade working medium used by more
powerful fuel
free systems. They can also be used
for the creation of low
temperature propulsion jets
(in nozzles 28) and for creating thrust. The effec

tiveness of the compression can also be increased
by using birotating compressors 7 and 30 with the
working wheels rotating in opposite directions.
The power density can be increased by heating
the resulting low
temperature air instead, or on a
par with the mechanically compressing the work

ing medium to form the active jet. It will make
possible the creation of a high
grade working me

dium using the heat from external sources (solar,
geothermal etc.) before the expansion.
The third type. The process of consecutive ad

junction can also be used to generate power, high

grade heat and “cold” outside of atmospheric
conditions by transforming environmental heat
energy in a closed thermodynamic cycle. Let us
imagine that an atmospheric fuel
free jet engine
is placed in an environmentally isolated space,
filled with air or helium. During the operation
of the engine, due to the cooling of the processed
mass, both the temperature and pressure of the
volume will decrease. The parameters of the ad

junction process will change so radically that at
some moment the value of Etm will be insufficient
to create the design power of the compressor,
contracting the working medium. The degree of
its contraction and Caj will diminish with every
following cycle. The process of adjunction will
gradually fade out, and the engine, having “fro

zen”, will stop.
It will not happen if the isolated space is used as a
low
temperature heat absorber for the outflow of
the processed gaseous mass, and is connected to
the heat exchange device, while the output of the
device is connected to the input of the adjunction
device and the compressor in order to create a
closed circuit. Part of the processed gaseous mass
under the influence of the unbalanced force of gas
pressure, appearing due to the negative pressure
that forms behind the gaseous mass of the active
44 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
jet’s impulses, is directed to the heat exchange
device. By obtaining heat and reducing the tem

perature of the environment, part of the processed
gaseous mass is heated up to the design tempera

ture before performing the functions of the ad

joined masses of the following periods. Under the
influence of the negative pressure created on the
compressor’s input, part of the processed gaseous
mass is directed via the heat exchange device (or
bypassing it) into the compressor where it is con

tracted for further use.
As a result, by heating up the processed gaseous
mass in the heat exchange device, the process
of consecutive adjunction in air
independent
fuel
free jet engines with a closed cycle can be
performed for an unlimited period of time. It
does not depend on the pressure of the environ

ment, which acts as a heater, i.e. a source of
heat transformed into work.
The difference between fuel
free engines with a
closed cycle and those with an open cycle lies in
the principle of heat exchange with the environ

ment and in the possibility of modifying the pres

sure and temperature in the heat exchange device.
Their effectiveness to a considerable degree de

pends on the temperature differential between the
environmental source of heat and the heat exchange
device before the heating up of part of the proc

essed gaseous mass used during the following peri

ods. By modifying the adjunction process, the pres

sure and temperature of the heat
exchange device,
and the degree of compression of the processed mass
before reuse, the engine’s power can be controlled
and the range of temperatures of the environmen

tal heat sources that are used can be expanded.
On the basis of closed
loop engines, air
independ

ent autonomous fuel
free energy systems of a
broad power range and for different applications
can be created. Their operation would be possible
under any environmental conditions: in outer
space or under water, making possible the trans

formation of its low
grade heat into the three
needed types of energy. If ponds, glaciers, soil and
the atmosphere are used as sources of heat, the
control over their aggregative state can be
achieved. A local alteration of climatic conditions,
depending on the scale of the fuel
free systems
application, is also possible.
In conclusion, I would like to emphasize the fol

lowing point: the reactive thrust and the kinetic
energy of the combined reactive mass, obtained
as a result of the process of consecutive adjunc

tion, exceed the thrust and the kinetic energy
of the active jet. The proposed fuel
free methods
of energy conversion are based on this statement,
which was verified in experiments.
The principle of augmenting the kinetic energy
is the same for all three methods: the augmenta

tion takes place during the reestablishment of
equilibrium by the gaseous masses of the low

grade working medium, which is broken by the
gaseous mass of the active jet’s impulses in the
ejector muzzle. The adjoined masses may acceler

ate practically without any friction loss. Due to
their acceleration, the velocity of the active jet also
increases, compared to its velocity during the out

flow to the constant pressure area. The amount of
the increase in kinetic energy augmentation de

pends on the correlation of the main parameters
of the process, and also on the correlation of the
design parameters and the proportion of the ejec

tor device. Turbulent mixing and friction of the
gaseous masses, which drastically decrease the ef

fectiveness of the adjunction process, are absent
only in a narrow range of optimal values of pa

rameters.
Thus, an inexhaustible and natural free energy
source can be effectively transformed without any
harm to the environment into three types of ener

gy, consumed directly on the site of their genera

tion. Such energy generation can be performed
regardless of the geographical position and envi

ronment conditions and will make it possible to
do away with the need for development and trans

portation of energy carriers, the use of long
dis

tance transmission circuits, and the accumulation
of the energy generated. The production of such
systems is much easier and more effective com

pared to the production of analogous traditional
systems, and is possible at the majority of facto

ries that produce propulsion systems.
The proposed methods of energy transformation
and the construction of turbine engines, using
these principles, are intellectual property objects,
protected by a Russian Federation patent. Accord

ing to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (РСТ), an
international application has been filed. The im

plementation of these objects will yield great ben

efits to those who have signed the Treaty. Various
legal forms of mutually beneficial cooperation are
possible, from license agreements to joint patent

ing in countries of production. A version of this
article, containing energy balance calculations, a
schematic diagram of a fuel
free turbine engine,
the description of its working principle, and addi

tional explanations and references, can be sent by
e
mail by the author on request.
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 45
Dear Mr. Frolov,
Having studied the contents of your
website www.faraday.ru, we have
found the information concerning
your invention to be very interesting.
I would like to obtain more details on
the prospects of creating a “time ma

chine” and to offer my help should you
be so kind to comply with my request.
Also, if it not too much trouble, could
you, please, answer the following
questions?
1. What are your plans concerning
practical application of the device?
2. What will be the consequences of
its use?
3. Which are the main fields of appli

cation?
I am looking forward to your answer.
Best regards, K.
Thank you for your interest in the
invention.
As a result of our experiments, we
have found a way to change the rate
of any physical processes. In this case,
“time” is considered as a parameter of
any process, determining its rate. The
existence of any matter, including
photons, is considered as a process.
The novelty lies in the fact that for
the first time the rate of existence is
represented by the function of ae

ther’s density. We have also applied
for a Russian Federation patent. The
density of aether can be changed in
many ways. During our research with
Dr.Chernobrov, we tested his meth

od of using three
layered electromag

nets. Magnetostriction of the core also
plays an important role. However,
such a method leads to quite disputa

ble results due to the fact that some
magnetization of detectors (chronom

eters) takes place. I consider the
creation of vortex processes in aether
to be a more promising method. As
with other vortex processes, both low
(the aether’s temperature falls) and
high (the aether’s temperature rises)
pressure areas can be formed in aether.
The existence of matter under such
“atypical conditions” looks like a
change in the speed of time for this
matter.
A few words about practical applica

tion of the device: a change in the rate
of existence of matter in the first place
influences the activity of isotopes;
this is a method of stabilizing radio

active materials or activating of chem

ical transmutations of substance, ac

companied by the emission of energy.
Another application is the creation of
a vehicle, moving due to the gradient
of aether’s density. The application in
aerospace technology is evident.
Several aspects are related to medicine,
but I am not a specialist in this field.
However, if the stabilization of isotopes
is performed using the method in ques

tion, Ivan S. Philimonenko’s ideas
about immortality will be realized. He
considered the process of aging to be
the result of damage to the structure
of cells and DNA, caused by the radia

tion of K
40, the main isotope, which
represents the cause of the so
called
“natural radiation background”, and
which accumulates in the human body
during a lifetime. Thus, our cells are
constantly repairing themselves. By
eliminating such “inner irradiation”,
the normal functioning of body cells
can be achieved, which will result in
twenty
fold increase in human longev

ity. In addition, it is necessary to study
the application of our technology for
treating people who have been exposed
to radiation.
I’m interested to know what your or

ganization, and you personally, have
in mind in terms of helping me to de

velop this particular research line?
Alexander V. Frolov,
Faraday Lab Ltd.
7
812
3803844
Letters to the editor
46 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
In the late 1880’s, trade journals
in the electrical sciences were
predicting “free electricity” in
the near future. Incredible dis

coveries about the nature of elec

tricity were becoming common

place. Nikola Tesla was demon

strating “wireless lighting” and
other wonders associated with
high frequency currents. There
was an excitement about the fu

ture like never before.
Within 20 years, there would be
automobiles, airplanes, movies,
recorded music, telephones, radio,
and practical cameras. The Victo

rian Age was giving way to some

thing totally new. For the first
time in history, common people
were encouraged to envision a
utopian future, filled with abun

dant modern transportation and
communication, as well as jobs,
housing and food for everyone.
Disease would be conquered, and
so would poverty. Life was getting
better, and this time, everyone
was going to get “a piece of the
pie”. So, what happened? In the
midst of this technological explo

sion, where did the energy break

throughs go? Was all of this ex

citement about “free electricity”,
which happened just before the
beginning of the last century, all
just wishful thinking that “real
science” eventually disproved?
Current State
of Technology
Actually, the answer to that
question is NO. In fact, the op

posite is true. Spectacular ener

gy technologies were developed
right along with the other break

throughs. Since that time, mul

tiple methods for producing vast
amounts of energy at extremely
low cost have been developed.
None of these technologies have
made it to the “open” consumer
market as an article of com

merce, however. Exactly why
this is true will be discussed
shortly. But first, I would like to
describe to you a short list of
“free energy” technologies that I
am currently aware of, and that
are proven beyond all reasonable
doubt. The common feature con

necting all of these discoveries,
is that they use a small amount
of one form of energy to control
or release a large amount of a dif

ferent kind of energy. Many of
them tap the underlying Жther
field in some way; a source of en

ergy conveniently ignored by
“modern” science.
1. Radiant Energy. Nikola Tes

la’s Magnifying Transmitter, T.
Henry Moray’s Radiant Energy
Device, Edwin Gray’s EMA Mo

tor, and Paul Baumann’s Testati

ka Machine all run on Radiant
Energy. This natural energy form
can be gathered directly from the
environment (mistakenly called
“static” electricity) or extracted
from ordinary electricity by the
method called “fractionation.”
Radiant Energy can perform the
same wonders as ordinary elec

tricity, at less than 1% of the cost.
It does not behave exactly like
electricity, however, which has
contributed to the scientific com

The World of Free Energy
Peter LINDEMANN
Clear Tech, Inc.
PO Box 37
Metaline Falls, WA 99153, USA
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 47
munity’s misunderstanding of it. The Meth

ernitha Community in Switzerland current

ly has 5 or 6 working models of fuelless, self

running devices that tap this energy.
2. Permanent Magnets. Dr. Robert Adams
(NZ) has developed astounding designs of
electric motors, generators and heaters that
run on permanent magnets. One such device
draws 100 watts of electricity from the source,
generates 100 watts to recharge the source,
and produces over 140 BTU’s of heat in two
minutes! Dr. Tom Bearden (USA) has two
working models of a permanent magnet pow

ered electrical transformer. It uses a 6
watt
electrical input to control the path of a mag

netic field coming out of a permanent mag

net. By channeling the magnetic field, first to
one output coil and then a second output coil,
and by doing this repeatedly and rapidly in a
“Ping
Pong” fashion, the device can produce
a 96
watt electrical output with no moving
parts. Bearden calls his device a Motionless
Electromagnetic Generator, or MEG. Jean

Louis Naudin has duplicated Bearden’s device
in France. The principles for this type of de

vice were first disclosed by Frank Richardson
(USA) in 1978. Troy Reed (USA) has work

ing models of a special magnetized fan that
heats up as it spins. It takes exactly the same
amount of energy to spin the fan whether it is
generating heat or not. Beyond these devel

opments, multiple inventors have identified
working mechanisms that produce motor
torque from permanent magnets alone.
3. Mechanical Heaters. There are two class

es of machines that transform a small amount
of mechanical energy into a large amount of
heat. The best of these purely mechanical
designs are the rotating cylinder systems
designed by Frenette (USA) and Perkins
(USA). In these machines, one cylinder is
rotated within another cylinder with about
an eighth of an inch of clearance between
them. The space between the cylinders is
filled with a liquid such as water or oil, and
it is this “working fluid” that heats up as the
inner cylinder spins. Another method uses
magnets mounted on a wheel to produce
large eddy currents in a plate of aluminum,
causing the aluminum to heat up rapidly.
These magnetic heaters have been demon

strated by Muller (Canada), Adams (NZ)
and Reed (USA). All of these systems can
produce ten times more heat than standard
methods using the same energy input.
4. Super
Efficient Electrolysis. Water can
be broken into Hydrogen and Oxygen using
electricity. Standard chemistry books claim
that this process requires more energy than
can be recovered when the gases are recom

bined. This is true only under the worst case
scenario. When water is hit with its own
molecular resonant frequency, using a system
developed by Stan Meyers (USA) and again
recently by Xogen Power, Inc., it collapses
into Hydrogen and Oxygen gas with very lit

tle electrical input. Also, using different elec

trolytes (additives that make the water con

duct electricity better) changes the efficien

cy of the process dramatically. It is also
known that certain geometric structures and
surface textures work better than others do.
The implication is that unlimited amounts of
Hydrogen fuel can be made to drive engines
(like in your car) for the cost of water. Even
more amazing is the fact that a special metal
alloy was patented by Freedman (USA) in
1957 that spontaneously breaks water into
Hydrogen and Oxygen with no outside elec

trical input and without causing any chemi

cal changes in the metal itself. This means
that this special metal alloy can make Hy

drogen from water for free, forever.
5. Implosion/Vortex. All major industrial
engines use the release of heat to cause ex

pansion and pressure to produce work, like
in your car engine. Nature uses the opposite
process of cooling to cause suction and vac

uum to produce work, like in a tornado.
Viktor Schauberger (Austria) was the first
to build working models of Implosion En

gines in the 1930”s and 1940”s. Since that
time, Callum Coats has published extensive

ly on Schauberger’s work in his book Living
Energies and subsequently, a number of re

searchers have built working models of Im

plosion Turbine Engines. These are fuelless
engines that produce mechanical work from
energy accessed from a vacuum. There are
also much simpler designs that use vortex
motions to tap a combination of gravity and
centrifugal force to produce a continuous
motion in fluids.
6. Cold Fusion. In March 1989, two Chem

ists from the University of Utah (USA) an

48 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
nounced that they had produced atomic fu

sion reactions in a simple tabletop device.
The claims were “debunked” within 6 months
and the public lost interest. Nevertheless,
Cold Fusion is very real. Not only has ex

cess heat production been repeatedly docu

mented, but also low energy atomic element
transmutation has been catalogued, involv

ing dozens of different reactions! This tech

nology definitely can produce low cost en

ergy and scores of other important industri

al processes.
7. Solar Assisted Heat Pumps. The refrig

erator in your kitchen is the only “free ener

gy machine” you currently own. It’s an elec

trically operated heat pump. It uses one
amount of energy (electricity) to move three
amounts of energy (heat). This gives it a “co

efficient of performance” (COP) of about 3.
Your refrigerator uses one amount of electric

ity to pump three amounts of heat from the
inside of the refrigerator to the outside of the
refrigerator. This is its typical use, but it is
the worst possible way to use the technolo

gy. Here’s why. A heat pump pumps heat from
the “source” of heat to the “sink” or place
that absorbs the heat. The “source” of heat
should obviously be HOT and the “sink” for
heat should obviously be COLD for this
process to work the best. In your refrigera

tor, it’s exactly the opposite. The “source” of
heat is inside the box, which is COLD, and
the “sink” for heat is the room temperature
air of your kitchen, which is warmer than the
source. This is why the COP remains low for
your kitchen refrigerator. But this is not true
for all heat pumps. COP’s of 8 to 10 are eas

ily attained with solar assisted heat pumps.
In such a device, a heat pump draws heat
from a solar collector and dumps the heat
into a large underground absorber, which re

mains at 55° F, and mechanical energy is ex

tracted in the transfer. This process is equiv

alent to a steam engine that extracts mechan

ical energy between the boiler and the
condenser, except that it uses a fluid that
“boils” at a much lower temperature than wa

ter. One such system that was tested in the
1970’s produced 350 hp, measured on a Dy

namometer, in a specially designed engine
from just 100
sq. ft. of solar collector. (This
is NOT the system promoted by Dennis Lee.)
The amount of energy it took to run the com

pressor (input) was less than 20 hp, so this
system produced more than 17 times more
energy than it took to keep it going! It could
power a small neighborhood from the roof of
a hot tub gazebo, using exactly the same
technology that keeps the food cold in your
kitchen. Currently, there is an industrial
scale heat pump system just north of Kona,
Hawaii that generates electricity from tem

perature differences in ocean water.
There are dozens of other systems that I have
not mentioned, many of them are as viable
and well tested as the ones I have just re

counted. But this short list is sufficient to
make my point: free energy technology is
here, now. It offers the world pollution
free,
energy abundance for everyone, everywhere.
It is now possible to stop the production of
“greenhouse gases” and shut down all of the
nuclear power plants. We can now desalinate
unlimited amounts of seawater at an afford

able price, and bring adequate fresh water to
even the most remote habitats. Transporta

tion costs and the production costs for just
about everything can drop dramatically.
Food can even be grown in heated greenhous

es in the winter, anywhere. All of these won

derful benefits that can make life on this
planet so much easier and better for every

one have been postponed for decades. Why?
Whose purposes are served by this postpone

ment?
The Invisible Enemy
There are four gigantic forces that have
worked together to create this situation. To
say that there is and has been a “conspiracy”
to suppress this technology only leads to a
superficial understanding of the world, and
it places the blame for this completely out

side of ourselves. Our willingness to remain
ignorant and actionless in the face of this sit

uation has always been interpreted by two of
these forces as “implied consent.” So, besides
a “non
demanding public,” what are the oth

er three forces that are impeding the availa

bility of free energy technology?
In standard economic theory, there are three
classes of Industry. These are Capital, Goods,
and Services. Within the first class, Capital,
there are also three sub
classes. These are:
1) Natural Capital. This relates to raw ma

New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 49
terials (such as a gold mine) and sources of
energy (such as a hydroelectric dam or an oil
well). 2) Currency. This relates to the print

ing of paper “money” and the minting of
coins. These functions are usually the job of
Government. And 3) Credit. This relates to
the loaning of money for interest and its ex

tension of economic value through deposit
loan accounts. From this, it is easy to see,
that energy functions in the economy in the
same way as gold, the printing of money by
the Government, or the issuing of credit by
a bank.
In the United States, and in most other coun

tries around the world, there is a “money mo

nopoly” in place. I am “free” to earn as much
“money” as I want, but I will only be paid in
Federal Reserve Notes. There is nothing I can
do to be paid in Gold Certificates, or some
other form of “money.” This money monopo

ly is solely in the hands of a small number of
private stock banks, and these banks are
owned by the Wealthiest Families in the
world. Their plan is to eventually control
100% of all of the Capital resources of the
world, and thereby control everyone’s life
through the availability (or non
availabili

ty) of all goods and services. An independ

ent source of wealth (free energy device) in
the hands of each and every person in the
world, ruins their plans for world domina

tion, permanently. Why this is true is easy
to see. Currently, a nation’s economy can be
either slowed down or sped up by the raising
or lowering of interest rates. But if an inde

pendent source of capital (energy) were
present in the economy, and any business or
person could raise more capital without bor

rowing it from a bank, this centralized throt

tling action on interest rates would simply
not have the same effect. Free energy tech

nology changes the value of money. The
Wealthiest Families and the Issuers of Cred

it do not want any competition. It’s that sim

ple. They want to maintain their current
monopoly control of the money supply. For
them, free energy technology is not just
something to suppress, it must be PERMA

NENTLY FORBIDDEN!
So, the Wealthiest Families and their Cen

tral Banking institutions are the First Force
operating to postpone the public availabili

ty of free energy technology. Their motiva

tions are the imagined “divine right to
rule”, greed, and their insatiable need to
control everything except themselves. The
weapons they have used to enforce this post

ponement include intimidation, “expert” de

bunkers, buying and shelving of technology,
murder and attempted murder of the inven

tors, character assassination, arson, and a
wide variety of financial incentives and dis

incentives to manipulate possible supporters.
They have also promoted the general accept

ance of a scientific theory that states that
free energy is impossible (Laws of Thermo

dynamics).
The Second Force operating to postpone the
public availability of free energy technology
is National Governments. The problem here
is not so much related to competition in the
printing of currency, but in the maintenance
of National Security. The fact is, the world
out there is a jungle, and humans can be
counted upon to be very cruel, dishonest, and
sneaky. It is Government’s job to “provide for
the common defense.” For this, “police pow

ers” are delegated by the Executive Branch
of Government to enforce “the rule of law.”
Most of us who consent to the rule of law do
so because we believe it is the right thing to
do, for our own benefit. There are always a
few individuals, however, that believe that
their own benefit is best served by behavior
that does not voluntarily conform to the gen

erally agreed upon social order. These peo

ple choose to operate outside of “the rule of
law” and are considered outlaws, criminals,
subversives, traitors, revolutionaries, or ter

rorists.
Most National Governments have discov

ered, by trial and error, that the only For

eign Policy that really works, over time, is a
policy called “Tit for Tat.” What this means
to you and me is, that governments treat each
other the way they are being treated. There
is a constant “jockeying” for position and in

fluence in world affairs, and the STRONG

EST party wins! In economics, it’s the Gold

en Rule, which states: “The one with the
Gold makes the Rules.” So it is with politics
also, but its appearance is more Darwinian.
It’s simply “survival of the fittest.” In poli

tics, however, the “fittest” has come to mean
the strongest party who is also willing to
fight the dirtiest. Absolutely every means
50 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
available is used to maintain an advantage
over the “adversary”, and everyone else is the
“adversary” regardless of whether they are
considered friend or foe. This includes out

rageous psychological posturing, lying,
cheating, spying, stealing, assassination of
world leaders, proxy wars, alliances and
shifting alliances, treaties, foreign aid, and
the presence of military forces wherever pos

sible. Like it or not, this IS the psychologi

cal and actual arena National Governments
operate in. No National Government will
ever do anything that simply gives an adver

sary an advantage for free. NEVER! It’s na

tional suicide. Any activity by any individu

al, inside or outside the country, that is in

terpreted as giving an adversary an edge or
advantage, in any way, will be deemed a
threat to “National Security.” ALWAYS!
Free energy technology is a National Gov

ernment’s worst nightmare! Openly ac

knowledged, free energy technology sparks
an unlimited arms race by all governments
in a final attempt to gain absolute advantage
and domination. Think about it. Do you
think Japan will not feel intimidated if Chi

na gets free energy? Do you think Israel will
sit by quietly as Iraq acquires free energy?
Do you think India will allow Pakistan to de

velop free energy? Do you think the USA
would not try to stop Osama bin Laden from
getting free energy? Unlimited energy avail

able to the current state of affairs on this
planet leads to an inevitable reshuffling of
the “balance of power.” This could become an
all
out war to prevent “the other” from hav

ing the advantage of unlimited wealth and
power. Everybody will want it, and at the
same time, want to prevent everyone else
from getting it.
So, National Governments are the Second
Force operating to postpone the public avail

ability of free energy technology. Their mo

tivations are “self
preservation.” This self

preservation operates on three levels. First,
by not giving undue advantage to an exter

nal enemy. Second, by preventing individu

alized action capable of effectively challeng

ing official police powers (anarchy) within
the country. And third, by preserving income
streams derived from taxing energy sources
currently in use. Their weapons include the
preventing of the issuance of patents based
on National Security grounds, the legal and
illegal harassment of inventors with crimi

nal charges, tax audits, threats, phone taps,
arrest, arson, theft of property during ship

ment, and a host of other intimidations which
make the business of building and marketing
a free energy machine impossible.
The Third Force operating to postpone the
public availability of free energy technology
consists of the group of deluded inventors
and out right charlatans and con men. On the
periphery of the extraordinary scientific
breakthroughs that constitute the real free
energy technologies, lies a shadow world of
unexplained anomalies, marginal inventions
and unscrupulous promoters. The first two
Forces have constantly used the media to
promote the worst examples of this group, to
distract the public’s attention and to discred

it the real breakthroughs by associating them
with the obvious frauds.
Over the last hundred years, dozens of sto

ries have surfaced about unusual inventions.
Some of these ideas have so captivated the
public’s imagination that a mythology about
these systems continues to this day. Names
like Keely, Hubbard, Coler, and Hender

schott immediately come to mind. There may
be real technologies behind these names, but
there simply isn’t enough technical data
available in the public domain to make a de

termination. These names remain associated
with a free energy mythology, however, and
are sited by debunkers as examples of fraud.
The idea of free energy taps very deeply into
the human subconscious mind. A few inven

tors with marginal technologies that demon

strate useful anomalies have mistakenly ex

aggerated the importance of their inventions.
Some of these inventors also have mistaken

ly exaggerated the importance of THEM

SELVES for having invented it. A combina

tion of “gold fever” and/or a “messiah com

plex” appears, wholly distorting any future
contribution they may make. While the re

search thread they are following may hold
great promise, they begin to trade enthusi

asm for facts, and the value of the scientific
work from that point on suffers greatly.
There is a powerful, yet subtle seduction that
can warp a personality if they believe that
“the world rests on their shoulders” or that
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 51
they are the world’s “savior.” Strange things
also happen to people when they think they
are about to become extremely rich. It takes
a tremendous spiritual discipline to remain
objective and humble in the presence of a
working free energy machine. Many inven

tors’ psyches become unstable just BELIEV

ING they have a free energy machine. As the
quality of the science deteriorates, some in

ventors also develop a “persecution complex”
that makes them very defensive and unap

proachable. This process precludes them
from ever really developing a free energy
machine, and fuels the fraud mythologies tre

mendously.
Then there are the out right con men. In the
last 15 years, there is one person in the USA
who has raised the free energy con to a pro

fessional art. He has raised more than
$100,000,000, has been barred from doing
business in the State of Washington, has been
jailed in California, and he’s still at it. He
always talks about a variation of one of the
real free energy systems, sells people on the
idea that they will get one of these systems
soon, but ultimately sells them only promo

tional information which gives no real data
about the energy system itself. He has mer

cilessly preyed upon the Christian Commu

nity and the Patriot Community in the USA,
and is still going strong. His current scam
involves signing up hundreds of thousands of
people as locations where he will install a free
energy machine. In exchange for letting him
put the FE generator in their home, they will
get free electricity for life, and his company
will sell the excess energy back to the local
utility company. After becoming convinced
that they will receive free electricity for life,
with no out
front expenses, they gladly buy
a video that helps draw their friends into the
scam as well. Once you understand the pow

er and motivations of the first two Forces I
have discussed, its obvious that this person’s
current “business plan” cannot be imple

mented. This one person has probably done
more harm to the free energy movement in
the USA than any other Force, by destroy

ing people’s trust in the technology.
So, the Third Force postponing the public
availability of free energy technology is de

lusion and dishonesty within the movement
itself. The motivations are self
aggrandize

ment, greed, want of power over others, and
a false sense of self
importance. The weap

ons used are lying, cheating, the “bait and
switch” con, self
delusion and arrogance
combined with lousy science.
The Fourth Force operating to postpone the
public availability of free energy technology
is all of the rest of us. It may be easy to see
how narrow and despicable the motivations
of the other Forces are, but actually, these
motivations are still very much alive in each
of us as well. Like the Wealthiest Families,
don’t we each secretly harbor illusions of
false superiority, and the want to control oth

ers instead of ourselves? Also, wouldn’t you
“sell out” if the price were high enough, say,
take $1 million dollars, cash, today? Or like
the Governments, don’t we each want to en

sure our own survival? If caught in the mid

dle of a full, burning theater, do you panic
and push all of the weaker people out of the
way in a mad, scramble for the door? Or like
the deluded inventor, don’t we trade a com

fortable illusion once in a while for an un

comfortable fact? And don’t we like to think
more of ourselves than others give us credit
for? Or don’t we still fear the unknown, even
if it promises a great reward?
You see, really, all Four Forces are just dif

ferent aspects of the same process, operating
at different levels in the society. There is re

ally only ONE FORCE preventing the pub

lic availability of free energy technology, and
that is the unspiritually motivated behavior
of the human animals. In the last analysis,
free energy technology is an outward mani

festation of Divine Abundance. It is the en

gine of the economy of an enlightened socie

ty, where people voluntarily behave in a re

spectful and civil manner toward each other.
Where each member of the society has eve

rything they need, and do not covet what
their neighbor has. Where war and physical
violence has become socially unacceptable
behavior and people’s differences are at least
tolerated, if not enjoyed.
The appearance of free energy technology in
the public domain is the dawning of a truly
civilized age. It is an epochal event in human
history. Nobody can “take credit” for it. No

body can “get rich” on it. Nobody can “rule
the world” with it. It is simply, a Gift from
52 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
God. It forces us all to take responsibility for
our own actions and for our own self
disci

plined self
restraint when needed. The world
as it is currently ordered, cannot have free
energy technology without being totally
transformed by it into something else. This
“civilization” has reached the pinnacle of
its development, because it has birthed the
seeds of its own transformation. The un

spiritualized human animals cannot be
trusted with free energy. They will only do
what they have always done, which is take
merciless advantage of each other, or kill
each other and themselves in the process.
If you go back and read Ayn Rand’s Atlas
Shrugged or the Club of Rome Report, it be

comes obvious that the Wealthiest Families
have understood this for decades. Their
plan is to live in The World of Free Energy,
but permanently freeze the rest of us out. But
this is not new. Royalty has always consid

ered the general population (us) to be their
subjects. What is new, is that you and I can
communicate with each other now better
than at anytime in the past. The Internet of

fers us, the Fourth Force, an opportunity to
overcome the combined efforts of the other
Forces preventing free energy technology
from spreading.
The Opportunity
What is starting to happen is that inventors
are publishing their work, instead of patent

ing it and keeping it secret. More and more,
people are “giving away” information on
these technologies in books, videos and web

sites. While there is still a great deal of use

less information about free energy on the
Internet, the availability of good information
is rising rapidly. Check out the list of web

sites and other resources at the end of this
article.
It is imperative that you begin to gather all
of the information you can on real free ener

gy systems. The reason for this is simple. The
first two Forces will never allow an inventor
or a company to build and sell a free energy
machine to you! The only way you will ever
get one is if you, or a friend, build it your

self. This is exactly what thousands of peo

ple are already quietly starting to do. You
may feel wholly inadequate to the task, but
start gathering information now. You may be
just a link in the chain of events for the ben

efit of others. Focus on what you can do now,
not on how much there still is to be done.
Small, private research groups are working
out the details as you read this. Many are
committed to publishing their results on the
Internet.
All of us constitute the Fourth Force. If we
stand up and refuse to remain ignorant and
action
less, we can change the course of his

tory. It is the aggregate of our combined ac

tion that can make a difference. Only the
mass action that represents our consensus
can create the world we want. The other
three Forces WILL NOT help us put a fuel

less power plant in our basements. They will
not help us be free from their manipulations.
Nevertheless, free energy technology is
here. It is real, and it will change every

thing about the way we live, work and re

late to each other. In the last analysis, free
energy technology obsoletes greed and the
fear for survival. But like all exercises of
Spiritual Faith, we must first manifest the
generosity and trust in our own lives.
The Source of Free Energy is INSIDE of us.
It is that excitement of expressing ourselves
freely. It is our Spiritually guided intuition
expressing itself without distraction, intim

idation or manipulation. It is our open
heart

edness. Ideally, the free energy technologies
underpin a just society where everyone has
enough food, clothing, shelter, self
worth,
and the leisure time to contemplate the high

er Spiritual meanings of Life. Do we not owe
it to each other, to face down our fears, and
take action to create this future for our chil

dren’s children? Perhaps I am not the only
one waiting for me to act on a greater Truth.
Free energy technology is here. It has been
here for decades. Communications technol

ogy and the Internet have torn the veil of
secrecy off of this remarkable fact. People all
over the world are starting to build free en

ergy devices for their own use. The Bankers
and the Governments do not want this to
happen, but cannot stop it. Tremendous eco

nomic instabilities and wars will be used in
the near future to distract people from join

ing the free energy movement. There will be
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 53
essentially no major media coverage of this
aspect of what is going on. It will simply be
reported as wars and civil wars erupting eve

rywhere, leading to UN “Peace Keeper” oc

cupation in more and more countries.
Western Society is spiraling down toward
self
destruction, due to the accumulated ef

fects of long
term greed and corruption. The
general availability of free energy technolo

gy cannot stop this trend. It can only rein

force it. If, however, you have a free energy
device, you may be better positioned to sur

vive the political/social/economic transition
that is underway. No National Government
will survive this process. The question is,
who will ultimately control the emerging
World Government, the First Force, or the
Fourth Force?
The last Great War is almost upon us. The
seeds are planted. After this will come the be

ginning of a real Civilization. Some of us who
refuse to fight will survive to see the dawn
of the World of Free Energy. I challenge you
to be among the ones who try.
LIST OF RESOURCES:
BOOKS:
Living Energies by Callum Coats
The Free Energy Secrets of Cold Electricity by Peter Lindemann, D.Sc.
Applied Modern 20th Century Aether Science by Dr. Robert Adams
Physics Without Einstein by Dr. Harold Aspden
Secrets of Cold War Technology by Gerry Vassilatos
The Coming Energy Revolution by Jeane Manning
WEBSITES:
http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/content1.htm excellent free
energy site run by Geoff Egel based
in Australia
http://www.free
energy.cc/ developed by Clear Tech, Inc. and Dr. Peter Lindemann
http://jnaudin.free.fr/ developed by JLN Labs in France
http://www.1dove.com/fe/index.html Jim’s Free Energy Page in the USA
http://www.keelynet.com/ developed by Jerry Decker in the USA
http://www.xogen.com site for super electrolysis technology
http://www.rumormillnews.com excellent site for all kinds of alternative news, with many links
For more links to other recommended sites, see the “Links Page” at http://www.free
energy.cc
PATENTS: (most can be viewed at www.delphion.com/ ) This list is nothing more than a sample of
inventions that produce free energy.
Tesla USP #685,957
Freedman USP #2,796,345
Richardson USP #4,077,001
Frenette USP #4,143,639
Perkins USP #4,424,797
Gray USP #4,595,975
Meyer USP #4,936,961
Chambers USP #6,126,794
54 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
The Lutec 1000 is the first free ener

gy machine to be developed to com

mercial stage anywhere in the world.
The Lutec 1000 generator will pro

duce up to 1000 watts of DC elec

tricity twenty four hours a day, eve

ry day, which will be stored in a bat

tery bank and then inverted to AC
power and connected directly into
the home or business.
The Lutec 1000 draws the power it
requires to run itself from the same
battery bank. The average house in
Cairns, Queensland, uses only four

teen of the twenty four kilowatt
hours able to be stored in twenty four
hours by this method. The batteries
will last ten years. The generator is
expected to come with a conditional
ten
year warranty.
The magnets that are responsible for
the generation have an effective life
of one thousand three hundred years.
This product is non
polluting. It will
assist to bring down green house gas

es and therefore help cure our sick
and dying planet. There are strong
community health benefits. It will
help slow the rate of use of non
re

newable resources, like oil. It will
help reduce airborne emissions of
gases and elements that ruin our for

ests and lakes.
National Phase Patent Applications
filed in the name of Ludwig Emma
Brits and Victor John Christie from
PCT/AU99/00962 claiming priori

ty from Australian Provisional Pat

ent Application No. PP6961 filed 6
November 1998
How it Works
LUTEC Magnet Generator
Fig.1
Editor: the article dedicated to the work of the
LUTEC Company aroused our readers’ interest
(the web-site of the LUTEC Company is
http://www.lutec.com/au). This article contains the
latest news from the developers of this new
technology.
Fig. 2
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 55
The authors write: “We have never said there is
an “endless” source of energy emanating from
magnets. We have said that the magnets we use
in the Lutec 1000 are able to maintain their
magnetic qualities for over twelve hundred
years. That is a long time when gauged by hu

man life expectancy, but is not forever. We wel

come informed opinion, and to that end have
sought out the highest qualified people in Aus

tralia and the United States of America to re

view our work.
The Lutec 1000 only baffles those who misinter

pret the actions taking place within it as being
outside common scientific principles and laws,
where in fact it certainly is not. We will try to make
a simple explanation to demonstrate what moti

vates the Lutec 1000 motor/generator:
Let’s say we hang a ten kilo weight off a perma

nent magnet butted to a steel roofing beam, and
that the only thing holding the permanent mag

net to the steel beam is the magnetism. Now let’s
do the same thing, but this time with an electro

magnet which requires a constant electrical input
to maintain its magnetic qualities.
Let’s say we leave them both there for ten years…
They will both perform the same task, that of
holding the ten kilos off the floor. The electro

magnet, however, has needed to be fuelled by
electricity provided by a generator of some
kind — it could be hydro, nuclear, wind, solar,
coal or oil — and has cost a large amount in
terms of energy. Much work (in the scientific
sense) has been done to provide the constant
electric current necessary to maintain its mag

netic hold on the steel girder.
Now take notice, the permanent magnet has not
needed to be energised by an external source, it
has done the job for “free” using only the magnet

ism it contains to perform the same job. The clue
here is in the title of “permanent” magnet.
That same principle is one of the reasons the Lu

tec 1000 motor turns, it is of course the spinning
of the centre core of the motor which is caused by
the permanent magnets being attracted and then
repulsed from the steel cores of the fixed stator
coils. It is this primary movement that allows the
magnetic fields around the stator coils to be “cut”
by the effect of the permanent magnets sweeping
past the steel cores of the coils.
Note that we have achieved two effects from one
cause, thus inducing an electric current per Mr
Faraday’s theory, and so generating electricity
as an output or product of the motors motion.
The only electricity consumed has been that re

quired to temporarily charge the coils and so
creating a temporary magnet of like polarity to
cause the permanent magnet to be repulsed
rather than attracted.
There are a couple of other major factors that we
won’t go into here, suffice it to say that our cur

rent prototype demonstrates 1500% more “out”
than “in” (15:1).
Progress
Time has become the essence in respect of an

nouncements regarding the possible marketing
of a product designed around the technology.
There are “commercial in confidence” dealings
going on behind the scenes that require of us
to provide certain patents for specific areas.
These patents must be granted to enable the
parties involved to raise the capital needed to
finance the huge undertaking of introducing
the technology to the world. This patent issue
alone caused significant slowing of the program
because of the amount of time it has taken for
the specific countries to provide the full pat

ent protection. That milestone has now been
achieved.
What now remains is for the proof of concept
prototype currently in work to be completed to
the satisfaction of the aforesaid parties. People
are chatting on the net and no doubt in other
places surmising what technical difficulties may
be causing problems. In particular those relat

ing to the switching of the input electricity that
allows the coil cores to become energised as tem

porary magnets, and how to handle the subse

quent back EMF spikes caused by the collaps

ing field. We have got it figured out and are hard
Fig. 3
56 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
at work fine
tuning the new system designed
specifically for the task. Previously we were
concentrating on a solid
state system, no mov

ing parts, and we had the luxury of time to ex

periment with that notion while waiting for the
patents to come through. Now however it is
more important to have the system running at
a certain level, so we have reverted to the old
method. Once perfected it will not be difficult
to produce a solid
state system as the data of
what is required and the entire associated vari

ables will be identified mapped and analysed by
computer for the purpose. This can’t be done
with the existing switching system.
The bottom line is we are not prepared at this
time to make a guess at when product will or
might be available. It can be fairly safely as

sumed that final design, construction, testing
and satisfying regulatory authorities could take
one to two years. It’s a case of wait and see, eve

rything hinges on our completing the prototype
to the degree required, after which things will
move very quickly.
Hopefully the next update will be before
Christmas 2003 and not need to be as long
winded as this. Thank you for reading this far.
We are trying to reply to emails but the num

bers are so high it is very difficult. Please bear
with us, don’t stop writing; the encouragement
and support we get from you is fantastic and
very welcome, but please don’t be dismayed
should you not receive a personal reply for a
long time”.
A more detailed information could be found on
the company’s web
site http://www.lutec.com/au
Pulsed Direct Current for Light Circuits
Engineering report
Gary MAGRATTEN
26901 Ridge Rd.
Willits CA 95490, USA
tel: 707-459-1435
fax: 707-459-9298
Editor: A short variant of this ar

ticle was published in the previous
issue. A full variant, which we have
recently received is given below.
We would like to stress once again
that it was P.N. Yablochkov, a
Russian inventor, who way back in
1877 described a method of
current amplification by means
of introducing an electric spark
to a circuit (Patent № 120684,
11.10.1877).
Theory in brief:
The Gray Circuit can be em

ployed to power a light circuit or
a pulse DC motor more efficient

ly. There are five main principles
that make the Gray Circuit
uniquely efficient. Understand

ing these principles can be of
great importance to increasing
the efficiency of a circuit when
designing for light circuits and
pulsed DC motors.
1) There is a substantial current
gain developed by an electric
spark in open air. Gray em

ployed a spark gap in the de

sign of his motor and power
supply. This will be explained
in the summary of the text,
’The Mechanism of the Elec

tric Spark’ by L. Loeb and
J. Meek.
2) A load circuit can be electro

statically coupled to the pri

mary circuit by employing
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 57
the ’Inverse Photoelectric Effect’. This
will be explained by a brief summary of
the principle of ‘inverse photoelectric
effect’.
3) Pulsed DC can provide a more efficient
means of delivering power to a light cir

cuit or a pulsed DC motor by providing
power for a short duration at the opti

mum time.
4) Back EMF or counter EMF from the col

lapsing magnetic field of an inductive
coil can be utilized to do work that oth

erwise would be wasted.
5) Energy Recycling. Current from the pri

mary circuit is recycled back to the neg

ative terminal of the primary battery for
reuse. Current from the primary circuit
is also cycled back to recharge a second

ary battery.
The Mechanism of Positive
Streamer Formation
The photoelectrons created at points in the
gas and at the cathode at any great radial dis

tance from the avalanche axis will merely
create other avalanches.
Those in the gas will be short and those com

ing from the cathode region will be long and
like that of the initial avalanche. Being small

er and, in any case, later in creation that the
pattern avalanche, such avalanches will be of
no interest in breakdown. However, those
photoelectrons created near the spaсe
charge
channel of positive ions, and especially near
the anode, will be in an enhanced field which
exerts a directive action drawing them into
itself. If the space
charge field [X1] is in the
order of magnitude of the imposed field [X],
this action will be very effective. In addition
the values of [a] will be much enhanced.
The electrons from the intense cumulative
ionization of such photoelectron avalanch

es in the combined fields [X] and [X1] which
are drawn into the positive space charge
feed into it, making it a conducting PLAS

MA which starts at the anode. The added
fields will be most effective along [X] and so
will the ionization. The positive ions they
leave behind will therefore extend the space
charge towards the cathode. These electrons
also create photons which produce electrons
to continue this process. In this fashion the
positive space charge develops toward the
cathode from the anode as a self
propagat

ing positive space
charge streamer.
As the streamer advances towards the cath

ode it produces a filamentary region of in

tense space
charge distortion along a line
parallel to the field. The conducting stream

er of a plasma consisting of electrons and ions
extending to the anode thus makes a very
steep gradient at the cathode end of the
streamer tip. As this advances toward the
cathode the photoelectron avalanches pro

duced by radiation at the cathode, especial

ly at the intercept of the extended streamer
axis at the cathode, it begins to produce an
intense ionization near the cathode. Hence
the positive ions created there may increase
the secondary emission. Thus, as the space

charge streamer approaches the cathode a
cathode spot is forming which may become a
source of visible light. When the streamer
reaches the cathode there is a conducting fil

ament bridging the gap. As the streamer tip
reaches the cathode the high field produces
a rush of electrons towards the end of the
streamer. This is followed by a current of
electrons, gives a high
potential wave which
passes up the preionized conducting channel
to the anode, multiplying the electrons
present by a large factor. The channel is
thus rendered highly conducting. If the metal
can emit a copious supply of electrons be

cause of the formation of an efficient cath

ode spot, the current of electrons continues
the channel maintaining its high conductiv

ity and ever increasing in it. This current,
unless limited by external resistance, will
then develop into an arc. It is, however, the
intense increase of ionization by the poten

tial wave which gives the highly conducting
channel characterizing the spark.
Conclusion: According to Loeb and Meek,
there are three means by which a spark in
open air will provide a very large current
gain. If this is true, it should be fairly easy
to prove with inexpensive and unsophisticat

ed equipment. Once the actual amount of
current gain has been determined for the de

sign parameters of the spark gap, then the
rest of the circuit can be designed for the in

creased current value.
58 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Next: The Quantitative Criterion For Streamer
Formation
Fig. 1
ANODE
POSITIVE IONS
ELECTRONS
PHOTON
CATHODE
Fig. 2
Efficient Power Supply Suitable
For Inductive Loads
Patent Number: 4,595,975
Summary of the Invention
The present invention provides a more effi

cient driving system comprising a source of
electrical voltage; a vibrator connected to the
low
voltage source for forming a pulsating
signal; a transformer connected to the vibra

tor for receiving the signal; a high
voltage
source, where available, connected to a
bridge
type rectifier; or the bridge type rec

tifier connected to the high voltage pulse out

put of the transformer; a capacitor for receiv

ing the voltage pulse output; a conversion el

ement having first and second anodes,
electrically conductive means for receiving a
charge positioned around the second anode
and an output terminal connected to the ca

The Mechanism of the Electric Spark
The electron multiplication of electrons by the cumulative
ionization of a single electron liberated from the cathode by
a photon.
The Mechanism of the Electric Spark
The development and structure of an avalanche, with positive
ions behind the electrons at the tip. The avalanche has
crossed the gap, spreading by diffusion.
Fig. 3
The Mechanism of the Electric Spark
The later history of an avalanche. Electrons have disappeared
into the anode. Positive spacecharge boss appears on the
anode. Ion pairs out from the trial indicate the appearance of
photoelectric ion pairs in the gas produced by photons from
the avalanche.
ANODE
CATHODE
ION PAIR BY
PHOTO
IONIZATION
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 59
pacitor; a commutator connected to the
source of the electrical voltage and to the first
anode; and an inductive load connected to the
output terminal whereby a high energy dis

charge between the first and the second an

odes is transferred to the charge receiving
means and then to the inductive load.
Edwin Vincent Gray (1925 – 1989)
Edwin Gray was born in Washington, DC in
1925. He was one of 14 children. At age elev

en, he became interested in emerging field of
electronics, when he watched some of the first
demonstrations of primitive radar being test

ed across the Potomac River. He left home at
15 and joined the Army, attended advanced
engineering school for one year before he was
discovered and honorably discharged for be

ing under age. After the attack of Pearl Har

bor, he re
enlisted in the Navy and served
three years of combat duty in the Pacific.
After the war, he worked as
a mechanic and continued his
studies in electro
magnetics.
After experimenting for
years, he learned hw to “split
the positive” in 1958 and had
his first Electric Magnetic
Association (EMA) motor
model running in 1961. His
third EMA prototype was
successfully tested for 32
days straight before it was
torn down for analysis. With
this report in hand, Gray
started looking for serious
funding. After being turned
down by every major corpo

ration and venture capital
group he approached, he
formed his own Limited part

nership in 1971. By early
1973, EVGray Enterprises,
Inc. had an office in Van
Nuys, California, hundreds
of private investors and a
new (#4) EMA motor proto

type. Ed Gray had also re

ceived a “Certificate of Mer

it” from Ronald Reagan, then
Governor of California.
Fig. 4
By the summer of 1973, Gray was doing dem

onstrations of his technology and receiving
some very positive press. By later this year,
Gray had teamed up with automobile designer
Paul M. Lewis, to build the first fuelless, elec

tric car in America. But trouble was brewing.
On July 22, 1974, an unprovoked Los Ange

les District Attorney’s Office raided the of

fice and shop of EVGray Enterprises, and con

fiscated all of their business records and work

ing prototypes. For 8 months, the DA tried
to get Gray’s stockholders to file charges
against him, but none would. Gray was even

tually charged with “grand theft”, but even
this bogus charge couldn’t stick and was fi

nally dropped. By March 1976, Gray pleaded
guilty to two minor SEC violations, was fined,
and released. The DA’s office never returned
his prototypes.
In spite of these troubles, a number of good
things were happening. His first U.S. Patent,
60 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Fig. 5
on the motor design, issued in June of 1975,
and by February 1976, Gray was nominated
for “Inventor of the Year” for “discovering
and proving a new form of electric power”
by Los Angeles Patent Attorney’s Associa

tion. Despite this support, Gray kept a much
lower profile after this time. In the late
1970’s, Zetech, Inc. acquired Gray’s technol

ogy and EVGray Enterprises ceased to exist.
In the early 1980’s, Gray offered the U.S.
Government his technology to augment Re

agan’s SDI program. He actually wrote let

ters to every member of Congress, both Sen

ators and Representatives, as well as the
President, Vice President, and every mem

ber of the Cabinet. Remarkably, in response
to this letter writing campaign, Gray did not
receive a single reply or even an acknowl

edgement!
During the early 1980’s, Gray lived in Coun

cil, Idaho, where he wrote and was granted
his other two U.S. Patents. By 1986, he had
a facility in Grande Prairie, Texas, where a
number of new prototype EMA motors were
built. By 1989, he was working on propul

sion applications of the technology, and
maintaining his residence in Council, Ida

ho, as well as shop facilities in Council,
Grande Prairie, and Sparks, Nevada.
Edwin V. Gray died at his shop in Sparks, Ne

vada, in April, 1989, under mysterious circum

stances. He was 64 and in good health.
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 61
Patent Applications
on Thermo-gravitation
Application
registration number 96104919/06
Date of filing 1996.03.18
Title A Two
phase
Gravity Drive
Inventors E.V. Soloviev
V.V. Privezentsev
Patent holder Russian Federation State
Scientific Centre, the Insti

tute of Physics and Energy
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Summary
Application: the transformation of
the energy of low
grade heat sources
into mechanical energy. The essence
of the invention: a vertically posi

tioned tube is situated under the tur

bine inside the case of a thermosy

phon with a gap relative to the case
of the thermosyphon and the rotor of
the turbine. A minimum one liquid

vapor turbine nozzle is situated in the
clearance between the side face of the
tube and the case. The construction
of the turbine is liquid
vapor, while
the level of boiling water exceeds the
level of the turbine.
62 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
An Electrogravitational Engine
Patent Application N 97116748/09
Inventors: V.V. FEDOROV, E.B.BAGLAEV,
G.V. SLAVIANSKIJ, E.A. MOKLOKOVA
Summary N 2136102
The engine is designed to propel a
vehicle. The device consists of a mi

crowave oscillator (1), а concentrat

ed winding (2), in the form of a mul

ti
layered cylindrical coil, made of a
strip line and rigidly mounted with
the frame of the vehicle being pro

pelled, a core (3), electrodes (5) and
a high
voltage block (5). During the
discharge of the electric impulse of
the high
voltage block, an electric arc
appears, closing the output of the
strip line. As a result of the load
change, a transient process is initiat

ed in the line, accompanied by the
accelerated motion of the inertial
mass, equaling the energy of the high

frequency electromagnetic field in
the strip line, this energy being re

ceived from the microwave oscillator.
The impulse gravitational field gen

erated by the inertial mass, which
moves with acceleration in the strip
line, creates vortex gravitational cur

rents in the core and the respective
impulse gravitational field or pres

sure varying with time. The force in

side the core is directed to the oppo

site side, as compared to the force
acting in the environment. Accord

ing to the Law of Action and Reac

tion, the Earth’s gravity field will cre

ate counterdirectional impulse grav

itational fields, and, consequently,
pressures. As a result, the motion of
a vehicle can be observed. The speed
of a vehicle can be regulated by con

trolling the output power of the mi

crowave oscillator, while its direction
and braking can be regulated by con

trolling the direction of the electro

magnetic microwave energy power
flow in the strip line.
Fig.1
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 63
Wind energy was one of the first types
of energy that man learned to use. For
more than three thousand years, sail

ing vessels furrowed the seas while tens
of thousands of wind mills were setting
in motion mill burrs, pumps, saws and
other mechanisms. A considerable part
of the territory of the Netherlands was
reclaimed from the sea by means of
water
engines set in motion by wind.
With the invention of the steam engine
and other machines operating on the
principle of conversion of the burned
fuel heat energy into mechanical or
electrical energy, the use of wind ener

gy started to diminish until, by the
middle of the ХХth century, it had al

most disappeared on a global econom

ic scale. It seemed that in a world where
industrial capacities were measured by
mega
and gigawatts there was no place
for such a low
grade energy resource
as wind.
However, in the late 1970s wind ener

gy underwent revival (in the West),
caused by a worldwide energy crisis.
Furthermore, it became obvious that a
power industry based on the principle
of burning fossil fuel, did not have any
future, since its reserves are limited. The
accident at Chernobyl deprived atomic
energy of its status as a panacea for the
energy hunger.
Today wind power engineering is one the
most dynamically developing industries
with multi
billion dollar turnovers in the
countries of Western Europe and North
America. But this is not true for Russia.
It can be said that there is no such indus

try in Russia as wind power engineering,
and there are objective reasons for this.
First, the relatively low cost of both ener

gy resources and electric energy in our
country make the building of large wind
energy installations (so
called “wind
parks”) unprofitable. Besides, high pow

er wind generators are intended for oper

ation as integral parts of high
powered en

ergy systems with stable parameters.
Speaking about Russia, that would main

ly apply to the central regions but they
have insignificant wind resources.
At the same time, there is an objective
necessity to build wind power genera

tors in the regions of Russia where die

sel generators are used for the power
supply. These regions constitute about
60% of the territory of the Russian Fed

eration with a population of 15 million
people. These would be the regions of
the Far North, Siberia and the Far East
of Russia. The majority of these regions
also have splendid wind resources.
Taking this into consideration, in 2002
the “Electrosfera” SPA came to a deci

sion to design a low
cost and reliable
wind power installation that could be
“BREEZE 5000” Wind Energy Installation
A New Approach To The Old Scheme
Toomas A. PUNGAS, Russia
“ELECTROSFERA” Holding Company
B. Sampsonievsky Av., 61
Saint-Petersburg,
Russia, 194044
www.elektrosfera.com
wind@esk.spb.ru
tel: (812) 324-48-88
fax: (812) 324-48-84
64 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
used as an integral part of a fully automatized wind

diesel electric power station or integrated into the
already operating diesel electric power station.
Figuratively speaking, we did not mean to “invent the
bicycle”. We simply designed a good “bicycle”. A wind
power generator is the main (and the most expensive)
component of the installation, and it has quite a tradi

tional construction for modern wind generators, con

sisting of a three
bladed wind
wheel, transmitting ro

tation directly to a synchronous generator and interfer

ing with the field of constant magnets. The principle of
shifting of the wind generator to a diagonal current of
air is used to limit the wind
wheel rotation speed and to
protect the installation during storms. Aerodynamic and
gravitational forces acting on the wind
wheel and the
weathercock, which is free to move on the pintle, are
balanced in such a way that when the wind reaches a
speed of 15–16 m/s, the weathercock folds, putting the
surface of the windwheel parallel to the air current.
The wattage was selected proceeding from the idea
of serviceability in remote regions. A wattage of 5 kW
is sufficient to serve a cottage or a small farm with
electricity. On the other hand, the weight and dimen

sions of the wind power generator make it possible to
assemble it without using a lift crane or other special
equipment. If more power is required, wind power
generators can be connected in parallel, thus creat

ing installations reaching 10, 20 or even 50 kW. The
use of several turbines instead of one, larger in size,
increases the reliability and operability of the instal

lation. The only disadvantage, lying in the need for a
larger area for the set
down, does not represent a prob

lem for sparsely populated regions.
The electric energy generated directly by a wind
power generator has unstable frequency and volt

age. That is why it is used to charge an accumulator
storage battery (as in the majority of analogous in

stallations manufactured in other countries). The
installation also comprises a charge regulator used
to prevent the battery from overcharging, which can
cause it to break down.
The accumulator voltage is transformed into a stabi

lized commercial frequency voltage (220 V) by means
of an inverter. The shape of the wave is a “perfect” sine,
which is one of the unique features of our installation,
since the majority of foreign manufacturers of small

sized wind generators kit them up with transformers
having a so
called “modified sine wave” on their out

put. This means that the voltage gets distorted by a
large number of parasite harmonics, which sometimes
may result in a malfunction or breakdown of the equip

ment, consuming electricity from such a transformer.
We realized from the very beginning that a diesel or pet

rol
powered generator should be an integral part of our
installation. Indeed, a wind power generator itself can

not provide an uninterrupted power supply since even
in the windiest areas no
wind periods, sometimes last

ing for several days, may occur. To kit up the installa

tion with a battery having a capacity high enough to
provide the weekly amount of needed electric energy
seems to be technically and economically unreal.
A diesel generator, as an electric energy source, be

sides the need to constantly fill its fuel tank, has an

other grave disadvantage. The problem is that both
the technical and economic performance of aggregates
of this type drastically drop when the load is not high
enough (less than 15% of their nominal power). The
fuel consumption per generation of 1 kWh of energy
increases, and the aggregate’s units wear out more
quickly. It is clear that it is quite difficult to provide
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 65
the constant load of a diesel generator, which will be
no less than 50%.
However, introducing a diesel generator as part of a
wind
diesel electric power station allows us to solve the
problem fairly easy. We have designed a flexible program

mable system for controlling the wind
diesel installa

tion providing the following operation algorithm: when
no wind is present, the load receives the electric energy
due to the discharge of the battery. Then, when the bat

tery voltage drops down to a certain design value, the
diesel generator is started. The generator takes upon it

self the load of consumers and then it is additionally load

ed by the charging current of the battery in order to
reach 80–85% of its nominal power. Then, when the
battery gets charged, the diesel generator stops and the
load is again directed to the inverter.
Such an algorithm to operate the wind
diesel elec

tric power station allows achieving a cost of about
$0.03 per 1 kWh of the generated electric energy
(depending on wind resources), which can be com

pared to electricity charges.
Thus, the full configuration of the wind diesel pow

er electric station comprises a wind power genera

tor with a mast, a charge regulator, an accumulator
battery, a diesel generator, a unit for controlling the
joint operation of wind and diesel generators, and
also a container equipped with an automatic tem

perature regime control system. We would like to
stress once again that our installation may operate
as an integral part of an already operating diesel elec

tric power station.
Wind generators and “BREEZE 5000” installations
are serially manufactured by the “Electrosfera” Com

pany using Russian
made parts. Wind generators and
wind
diesel installations are available at the compa

ny’s warehouses in Saint
Petersburg and can be de

livered to the customer at the earliest possible date.
New revolutionary ideas have appeared in the field of
modern energy: carbon and oxygen must be removed
from the energy industry, while other chemical
elements should be introduced. At a German chemical
factory the “boiling” of silicon, which was stored in a
form of fine powder in a nitrogen medium, was
observed. Norbert Auner, a professor of Chemistry from
Frankfurt, has announced that energy may be
generated not only by traditional methods, that is by
burning carbon in oxygen, but by using chemical in

teraction of other elements. A detailed investigation
of this factory case showed that traces of copper oxide
were present in one of the reservoirs that contained
silicon powder and nitrogen. It is evident that the pure
nitrogen that was present in the reservoir was also
involved in the interaction. A reaction took place that
was contrary to the experience of handling such an inert
element as nitrogen. But the fact remains the same: the
reaction did take place and on the day when the silicon
started to “boil” it took great effort to still the “boiling”
silicon powder. As it turned out, silicon may quite ef

fectively combine with nitrogen. The temperature
needed to start a reaction is 500 oC, the second condi

tion being that the silicon has to be reduced down to a
fine powder. Copper oxide acts as a catalyst. If silicon,
being a constituent part of sand, is so easy to ignite,
does it not mean that this very chemical element will
become mankind’s main fuel in the near future?
First, our planet is rich in sands. Second, the reaction of
burning in nitrogen is not accompanied by the genera

tion of greenhouse gases, oxygen dioxide being the main
one. What remains after the new burning reaction is over,
is sand, the main difference being that it is not oxygen
,
but nitrogen
based sand. A perfect world of the future,
which uses silicon as fuel, would look like this: man
would abandon using coal and oil supplies, electric power
stations would operate on a silicon powder, cars would
be fueled by the same powder at service stations and
would unload bags filled with “ash” at the same time.
Certainly, it would be incorrect to declare sand “to be
the oil of the future”, since it is not the sand that burns
but silicon. Pure silicon is not present in nature — in
order to get it from sand, a considerable amount of energy
needs to be spent. This energy is mainly spent to separate
oxygen atoms from silicon atoms. However, this energy
expenses will be recompensed due to the high
effectiveness of the process of combining silicon and
nitrogen. Professor Auner assumes that it would be bet

ter to build factories for silicon revivification in equato

rial deserts, which have all the necessary conditions for
silicon manufacturing, that is sand, air, and solar energy.
The latter, by generating current, will make silicon
re

storing reactors work.
Of course, a large number of technological problems
need to be solved. This process, in Auner’s estimation,
will take ten to twenty years. This is how long it will
take for technical ideas to develop into projects.
Silicon-Based Power
Engineering
Extracted from: “Energetika i promishlennost
Rossii” (“Russian Power Energy and Industry”)
newspaper
http://www.elec.ru/news/1036569497.html
66 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
In 1607 Cornelius van Drebbel, a
Dutch scientist, demonstrated a “con

tinuously operating” clock to the Eng

lish king James I. The clock was set in
motion by a similar “continuously op

erating” motor, or, to put it simply, a
“perpetuum mobile”. Van Drebbel had
already patented the clock in 1598.
However, unlike other numerous de

vices bearing the same name, the mo

tor invented by Cornelius van Dreb

bel really was a “continuously operat

ing” one in some sense.
What was the secret of this clock (or,
rather, of the motor that was setting
it in motion)? Van Drebbel’s contin

uously operating clock worked due
to the drive, which used, like any oth

er real motor, the single possible
source of work – the non
equilibri

um (potential difference) of the en

vironment.
Van Drebbel made use of a special
type of non
equilibrium, though it
was also related to pressure and tem

perature differences. It may act in an
ideally balanced environment, the
temperature and pressure of which
are everywhere equal. What is the
secret of this effect and where does
work come from?
The secret lies in the fact that poten

tial differences do exist, manifesting
themselves not spatially but tempo

rally (Editor: In my report, given in
1996 at the conference “New Ideas
in the Natural Sciences”, I proposed
a similar principle for obtaining en

ergy from a single
wire power trans

mission line. Instead of a common
potential difference U=X1–X2,
I proposed a chronal potential differ

ence U=X(t1)–X(t2). This means that
a potential difference may be obtained
at a single point if a change in poten

tial values is created). The principle
can be illustrated by the example of
the atmosphere. Let us assume that
no considerable pressure and temper

ature differences are observed in the
area where a motor is situated. But
the pressure and temperature (com

mon in all points) still continue to
change (both day and night). These
differences may be used for obtain

ing work (in full accordance with the
laws of thermodynamics).
A method of extraction (restitution) of the
energy supply stored in liquid or gaseous
mediums and transformation of the energy
obtained into mechanical work
(Russian Federation patent N 2059110)
V.F. MARKELOV, Russia
Grajdansky Ave., 15–1, ap.147,
Saint-Petersburg
Russia, 195220
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 67
In a description of the inven

tion titled “A method of ex

traction (restitution) of the
energy supply stored in liquid
or gaseous mediums and
transforming the energy ob

tained into mechanical work”
(Russian Federation patent
№ 2059110) a version of a
pseudo
continuously operat

ing working solar engine was
proposed by me. In order to
increase the power and the
number of cycles, the proper

ties of two mutually unbal

anced mediums – gas and
water – are most fully used.
Archimedes’ principle is considered as a corollary
of the law of conservation of energy, in which the
buoyancy force is tied in with the energy consumed
to create water and air. The amount of this energy
determined such physical properties as density,
thermal capacity and thermal conductivity.
The correlation of energy used for creating densi

ties is partially reflected in the non
equilibrium
coefficient, equaling 820. If we found a way to fully
use this non
equilibrium, we would obtain an
820
fold gain in energy. Non
equilibrium states
are observed starting from the moment of feeding
air under a column of water. They accumulate
when the air rises because the air volume increas

es, taking away heat from the water. Air is fed
under the water column at a temperature less than
the temperature of the water, since if during the
process of reaching atmospheric pressure the air
pressure equals 4 Atm (0,4 MPa) and the temper

ature is +20oС (293 K), the air will cool down to
–75oС (198 K), i.e. by 95oС. Heat extraction will
take place in conditions close to adiabatic. This
means that heat losses will be minimal due to the
fact that water is a good heat accumulator but a
bad heat conductor.
Calculation of an energyextracting
pneumohydraulic
turbine
(Russian Federation patents N 2120058,
N 2170364, N 2024780)
A compressor is used as a source of compressed
air. Dynamic and positive displacement
type com

pressors are the most suitable for this case. Since
a dynamic compressor consumes more energy than
a piston
type one, we choose the latter:
• Source of compressed air – VP2
10/9 piston

type compressor.
• Compressor output – 0,167 m3/sec
• Output pressure, МPa – 0.9 (9 Atm).
• Compressor’s shaft capacity– 56.5 kW
• Water cooling
The efficiency of a pneumohydraulic turbine will
be evaluated by comparing the power supplied and
the power obtained, i.e. the amount of work per
second.
A compressor’s output is evaluated by the volume
of air fed into it at atmospheric pressure. This
means that a productivity of 0.167 m3/sec is the
air volume before entering the compressor and
after it rises in the turbine. While feeding air un

der the bottom level of the turbine, 0.167 m3/sec
of water will be displaced through the upper lev

el. The same amount of water will be fed again
under the turbine’s bottom level, thus creating an
air
and
water mixture and causing it to move in

side the turbine. The value of 0.167 m3/sec corre

sponds to the water consumption taken into con

sideration during the calculation of the capacity
of a pneumohydraulic turbine. The capacity is cal

culated using the formula used for calculating the
capacity of a hydraulic turbine:
N=9.81·Q·H· η,
where 9.81 m/sec2 — the gravitational accelera

tion;
Q – the water consumption in m3/s;
H – the head in (m);
h–Efficiency factor (which reaches rather high
values and amounts to 0.94–0.95 or 94–95% un

Photo 1 Photo 2
68 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
der most favorable conditions).
As an air
and
water mixture is
used as the working medium,
there is a necessity to justify the
use of this formula for calculat

ing the capacity of a hydraulic
turbine. We believe that the
most effective results can be
obtained in the operation mode
of the turbine when a mixture of
a 0.5 t/m3 density is used (com

prising 50% water and 50% air).
In this mode, the air pressure is
a little higher than the absolute
pressure inside the turbine case.
Air is fed from the pressure tube
of the compressor in the form of
separate bubbles, which come
out from it in equal intervals.
The total volume of bubbles
equals the volume of water be

tween them in the turbine case.
A bubble takes the shape of a
spherical segment and works as
a piston in a limited space, displacing water in an
upward direction only, since its backflow is impos

sible due to the higher pressure, while its side
flow
is impossible due to the incompressibility of water.
If a constant volume of air of 0.167 m3/sec is fed,
0.167 m3/sec of water will be displaced. This means
that 2 × 0,167 m3/sec of the air
and
water mixture
will be displaced through the upper level of the tur

bine, the stream velocity inside the turbine being
high. Thus, we get:
N = 9.81·2·Q·0.5·H·з = 9.81·Q·H·η
Let us consider an installation with a head of wa

ter column equaling 2 m and calculate the com

pressor engine capacity needed to feed air under
this water column, taking into consideration the
atmospheric pressure, proceeding from the tech

nical specifications of the compressor:
N = (2 m · 56.5 kW) / (90 m + 10 m) = 1. 13 kW
A rising stream of an air
and
water mixture will
be observed on all levels of the installation. No
more than 5 working wheels may be installed
along the stream due to the buoyant force the in

tensity of which does not depend on the depth of
immersion of a body. The proposed turbine is more
energy
efficient than the famous “Airlift” pump,
since the flow of water takes place beneath the
level of water in the turbine, i.e. in conditions close
to zero gravity and without a considerable water
level rise inside the turbine, on which the main
amount of pump energy is spent. Let us assume
that the turbine’s energy efficiency equals 0.9. In
this case the capacity will be:
N = 9.81·0.167 m3/sec ·2 m ·5 ·0,9 = 14.7 kW
Thus, we obtained output energy 13 times exceed

ing the input energy:
14.7 kW / 1.13 kW = 13
An increase in power by means of using additional
working wheels has been observed on working pro

totypes. The operability of the turbine has been in

directly proven by experiments carried out at Saint

Petersburg State Technical University (SpbSU).
Thus, Professor V.V. Elistratov, a Doctor of Engi

neering Sciences, a member of the Commission for
Unconventional Power Sources in the government
of the Russian Federation and head of the Depart

ment of Renewable Energy Sources and Hydroen

ergetics of SpbSTU wrote: “However, proceeding
from the hydraulics of hydraulic units and our nu

merous experiments of feeding air into the working
wheel of the turbine in order to reduce cavitation
erosion, an increase of cavitation values was observed
accompanied by a considerable decrease of energy
values”. In this case, the experiments show that the
air that is fed into the device creates a counter stream,
which, acting on the working wheel from below,
makes it rotate in the opposite direction. Such is the
design of the wheel. In such a way, a small volume of
air acts in a limited space equaling the volume of the
Photo 3 Photo 4
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 69
hydroturbine case. The proposed installation may
extract heat from the water and transform it into
mechanical energy. Taking into consideration the
temperature difference between the water and the
air when the water temperature equals 80oС (the
thermal source, water, heated up in a solar collector
or in a system of turbine cooling or compressor cool

ing, etc.), and the air temperature is 20oС, the coef

ficient of the air volume increase, according to the
Gay
Lussac Law, will total:
1+ (80oС – 20oС)/273 = 1.2
The capacity will amount to:
N = 14.7 kW · 1.2 = 17.6 kW
Our expectations about a gain in energy were
borne out:
17.6 kW / 5 = 3.5 kW
3.5 kW / 1.13 kW = a 3,1
fold energy gain per
wheel
During the calculation of the power needed to feed
air under the water column, we took the atmos

pheric pressure into consideration (1 Atmosphere
= 10 m of the water column). This means that the
rising air overcomes the absolute pressure inside
Fig. 1
Compressor
to the load
External
case
Electric generator
Inner case
(turbine)
Water
level
Water
Air
70 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
the turbine case. The pressure, composed of the wa

ter column pressure in the turbine and the atmos

pheric pressure, equals the pressure of a 12
meter
water column. The absolute pressure inside the tur

bine case is neutralized by the buoyancy force of
the air, but since it is still present outside the case,
it influences the feeding of air into the turbine. This
influence can be compared to the influence of the
negative pressure created in the turbine case by the
total volume of water inside it on the water stream
(this effect is not present in other hydroturbines).
If the construction of the turbine meets out require

ments, we can consider the head as:
H=Н of water column + 10 m
Then the power will total
N=9.81 ·0.167m3/sec·12 m ·5 ·1,2 · 0.9=106. 14 kW
We obtained output energy 93 times greater
than the input energy.
Let us calculate a more powerful energy installa

tion able to power a small urban village, military
unit, a vessel etc. A 2VM10 – 63/9 piston
type
compressor with the following technical specifica

tions will be used as the source of compressed air:
• Compressor output – 1.04 m3/sec
• Output pressure, МPa – 0.9 (9 Atm)
• Compressor shaft power – 332 kW
• Water cooling
A calculation will be carried out for an installa

tion with a head of water column equaling 5 m
and with 10 working wheels installed inside at a
distance of 500 mm from each other. The capacity
of the compressor motor needed to feed air under
a 5
meter water column, taking into consideration
the atmospheric pressure, is:
5 m · (332 kW / 100 m) =16.6 kW
The installation capacity will total:
N=9.81·1.04 m3/sec ·15 m ·10 ·1.2 · 0.9=1652 kW
We obtained output energy exceeding the in

put energy by a factor of 99.
Thus, the obtaining of any amount of energy is
possible, accompanied by an improvement in the
gaseous water composition by means of an envi

ronmentally friendly method. This method im

plies the use of an inexhaustible energy source,
when a natural non
equilibrium of water and air
is used in any climatic zone. There is no need any
more to build expensive dams and sluices, which
leads to flooding of valuable agricultural lands.
Calculation of an energyextracting
pneumohydraulic
engine
(Russian Federation Patents N 2003830,
N 2160381)
• Source of compressed air – VP2 – 10/9 pis

ton
type compressor.
• Compressor output – 0.167 m3/sec
• Output pressure, MPa – 0.9 (9 Atm).
• Compressor shaft capacity – 56.5 kW
• Water cooling
The efficiency of a pneumohydraulic engine will be
evaluated by comparing the power supplied and the
power obtained, i.e. the amount of work per second.
The compressor output is the volume of air on the com

pressor’s input, i.e. the volume of air at atmospheric
pressure. Then the value of 0.167 m3/sec is the volume
of air on the compressor input and on the exit from the
upper float of the pneumohydraulic engine (Fig. 3).
Floats are released from the air and then filled with
water at a level that is situated below the level of water
in the engine case. At an air pressure of 9 Atm it may be
fed under a water column with a head of 90 m. If the air
bubbles rise at a speed of 0,4 m/s, it will take 225 sec
for a bubble to reach the surface. Moving air will be
present at all levels of the water column. This figure of
0.4 m/s was obtained during experimental evaluations.
If the water column and compressor output remain sta

ble, an increase or decrease in speed at which the bub

bles rise, results only in a change in the horizontal di

mensions of the floats (their length and width), since it
is the air volume that increases or decreases. This, in
turn, only increases or decreases the force, not influ

encing the capacity of the pneumohydraulic engine.
The possibility to change the horizontal dimensions of
the floats allows making floats of a needed volume pre

serving the water column.
The volume of air on the output of the compres

sor’s pressure tube at a depth of 90 m will total (tak

ing into consideration the atmospheric pressure):
0.167 (m3/sec) / 10 Atm = 0.0167 m3/sec
since the pressure of a 10
meter water column will
equal 1 Atm and due to the fact that an increase
in the volume of air by the value of the initial vol

ume takes place every 10 meters the air rises. If
the air volume remained permanent, at the mo

ment of reaching the surface its volume would be:
0.0167 (m3/sec) ·225 sec = 3.757 m3
Taking into consideration the volume of air at the
moment it reaches the surface, its total volume will
amount to:
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 71
3.757 m3 ·10 Atm = 37.57 m3
Taking into consideration the coefficient of ther

mal expansion, its volume will total:
37.57 m3 ·1.2 = 45.084 m3
The buoyancy force of a 1 m3 of air equals 1000 kgf
The amount of work performed by this volume of
air as it rises will amount to:
45084 kgf ·0.4 m/sec =18 033 kgf · m/sec
or 18033 kg · fm/sec
Since 1 kg ·fm = 9.81 W, the result of recalcula

tion is the following:
18033 kg ·fm/sec ·9.81 =176903.73 W or 176.9 kW
By adding no less than 30% of the energy that is
returned, obtained due to the reactive force that
is created during the filling of a float with air, to
the energy that is received, we get:
176.9 kW + 18 kW = 194 kW
We obtained the output energy exceeding the in

put energy by a factor of 3.4.
The mechanical energy efficiency of a pneumohy

draulic engine will be rather high since during op

eration the engine is well lubricated by water, while
the floats are mutually balanced. The energy effi

ciency of the compressor is taken into account dur

ing consideration of the compressor’s engine capac

ity. The pneumohydraulic engine is equipped with
a brake that makes it stop during operation. When
the engine stops, air is still present in the floats,
which means that no energy will be consumed on
the next start
up since the engine will be put in
operation by the air left in the floats.
In our calculations, we proceeded from parame

ters of a serially produced compressor, able to feed
air under a water column with a head of 90 m. This
is a way to increase the effectiveness of hydroe

lectric stations by means of installing pneumohy

draulic engines in pontoons at water
storage
ponds. Increasing the effectiveness of hydroelec

tric stations by using tail ponds is considered in
the description of the invention № 2059110. The
design of the pneumohydraulic engine is remark

able for its low steel intensity, thus making it very
light. Any river, pond, spring, thermal source or
cooling tower may become a source of energy. A
leveling of the water temperature at hydroelec

tric stations will become possible be means of
blending lower, more warm water sheets and cold
upper water sheets. The process will be accompa

nied by a simultaneous extraction of heat from the
water. The most important point is that there will
be no need to economize energy, since we do not
amplify the natural energy imbalance by using a
natural non
equilibrium. On the contrary, we re

store it by getting rid of the consequences of ther

mal pollution. As for the solar energy, we do not
spend more of it than we obtain.
We considered a method of obtaining energy in in

dustrial conditions, but there is a great need for en

ergy installations with a wattage of 3
4 kW. Let us
try to estimate their sizes. Take an installation with
a head of water column equaling 2 m. Using the same
type of compressor (only for calculation) we may
find out the capacity of the compressor engine need

ed to feed air under a 2
meter water column:
N = (2 m · 56.5 kW) / (90 m + 10 m) = 1.13 kW
The compressor output – 0.167 m3/sec
A 2
meter water column creates pressure equal

ing 0.2 Atm. Then the water volume at a depth of
2 m will amount to (taking into consideration the
atmospheric pressure):
0.167 (m3/sec) / 1.2 Atm = 0.139 m3/sec
The time needed for a bubble to rise equals:
2 m / 0.4 (m/sec) = 5 sec
The volume of moving air that will be present in
the floats of a pneumohydraulic engine in 5 sec

onds (taking into account the increase in volume
as the air rises and the thermal expansion coeffi

cient) will total:
0.139 (m3/sec) ·5 sec ·1.2 Atm ·1.2 = 1 m3
The amount of work performed will amount to:
1000 kgf ·0.4 m/sec = 400 kg ·fm/sec
The amount of work per second equals the power.
Since 1 kgf = 9.81 W, the capacity will be:
N = 9.81 W ·400 = 3924 W = 3.924 kW
By adding 30% of the power returned, we get:
3.924 kW + 0.34 kW = 4.263 kW
If the mechanical energy efficiency equals 0.9, we
get the following capacity:
N = 4.263 kW · 0.9 = 3.84 kW
We obtained output energy exceeding the input
energy by a factor of 3.4:
3.84 kW / 1.13 kW = 3,4
72 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Fig. 2 а
In order to once again make sure of the effective

ness of the proposed method of obtaining energy,
let us compare its effectiveness with that of a stor

age plant, in which water is pumped to a high
level
storage pond by means of a pump or a reversible
hydroset and then used at a lower level in a tur

bine. In this case, if the energy efficiency factor
amounts to 100%, it means that we obtained an
amount of energy that equals the amount of the
energy consumed. Let us calculate the capacity of
a pump engine needed to lift water to the level of
90 m, the output of which is 0.167 m3/sec:
N=(9.81 ·0.167m3/c ·90 m)/0.75 =196.5 kW
Let us compare the power obtained by a pump en

gine to that obtained by a compressor engine with a
capacity of 56.5 kW and air output of 0.167 m3/sec.
The latter can displace the same amount of water,
lifting it to a level of 90 m and feeding it to a turbine.
An amount of power equaling 196,5 kW is obtained,
which means that 3.5 less energy is spent. Besides,
the moving air that remains throughout the head of
the water column will also perform work, which is
confirmed by the aforecited calculation. The possi

bilities of implementation of the proposed method
are reflected in the diagram shown below (Fig.1)
It can be seen from this diagram that the buoyan

cy force manifests itself starting from the volume
Vo. The cross
hatched part of the picture is a wa

ter column H, to overcome which the energy gen

erated by the compressor is spent. Vo is the vol

ume of water at a depth of H; Vk is the volume of
air, expanded due to the fall in pressure as air ris

es Vq is the active air volume. The diagram shows
that the volume of active air in a pneumohydrau

lic engine equals Vq, while the volume Vk is essen

tial for a pneumohydraulic turbine, since it oper

ates on a displaced volume of water. This fact ex

plains the difference in their effectiveness.
The inexhaustibility of the energy source, its ab

solute environmental friendliness, the ease of pro

duction and quick payback due to the ever
grow

ing need for energy provide for effective market

ing of the proposed construction, while the
diversity of designs provide for a wide area of ap

plication.
Fig. 2 b
10 m
10 m
10 m
Fig. 3. A scheme of a generator based on floats
Air
Compressor
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 73
Although electric gravitation was
studied from 1927–1965 by Thomas
Townsend Brown, modern experi

ments with asymmetric capacitors
became widely known only in the
1990s due to the “Lifter” project.
What is the history of these experi

ments and which line of the research
seems to be more promising? Some
considerations concerning this issue
are given below.
I have performed several experiments
in my laboratory since 1994. The con

ception lies in the idea of getting an
asymmetric vector composition of
forces. In the classic design of a flat
capacitor, for example, the plates are
attracted towards each other, but the
forces are opposing while the result

ing force equals zero. In the T
capac

itor, which I designed in 1994, two
electrodes were situated in the same
plane. This is why the result is a non

zero propulsion force.
Asymmetric Capacitors
Alexander V. Frolov
Faraday Lab Ltd.
7-812-3803844
http://www.faraday.ru
The electrodes are separated by a “di

electric wall” to exclude the possibili

ty of electric discharge along the min

imal distance between the electrodes.
The electric field structure is config

ured here to create co
directed elec

trostatic forces for both electrodes.
A few words about patent priorities.
In 1994 an article of mine contain

ing a description of the present prin

ciple was published in the USA in the
New Energy News magazine, May,
1994, pages 1–5. Later the article was
also published in the Newsletter of
Planetary Association for Clean En

ergy, vol. 8(1), September 1994. The
article was edited by Thomas E.
Bearden. In that article I described
the principles of using electric fields
that make it possible to create a pro

pulsion force. Here is a quotation
from my article concerning the issue
of asymmetric capacitors:
“In order to find a solution and to
create a unidirectional resulting
thrust, we should take into consid

eration that the potential field force
lines are always perpendicular to a
charged surface”.
The experiments were shown to spe

cialists of a Japanese company, who
came to Saint
Petersburg
for a visit. Some of the ba

sic experiments are shown
in Fig. 2.
Later on, a French research
group (headed by Jean
Louis Naudin) also experi

mentally proved the
present principle and start

ed research on the practi

cal application of the tech

nology, not going deeply
into the phenomenon’s es

sence. Their web
site is
dielectric www.jnaudin.free.fr
Fig. 1
74 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Fig. 4. In the present version, Jean Louis Naudin uses a
thin wire and a metal plate as two asymmetric electrodes
Fig. 3. Jean L. Naudin’s version of Frolov’s Capacitor
pany can be found on their web
site:
www.tdimension.com/press_releases/
press_release_6_25_01.html
The present technology is too complex for
commercial application due to the need to
use high
voltage equipment. You may try to
calculate the dimensions and voltage of a
1000
kilogram asymmetric capacitor for
business applications yourself. I believe that
this path is not leading us anywhere. A new
solution needs to be found.
In 1995, I suggested a design of an asymmetric
capacitor filled with a liquid dielectric. During our
first experiments positive results were achieved.
The proposed design (a can filled with a liquid oil
dielectric) is shown in Fig. 5:
A force totaling 0.4 gram was registered between
the electrodes with a voltage of 10 kV. An evalua

tion was performed using HL400EX
type digital
scales.
Fig. 2. A slight change of the Tcapacitor’s weight can be
observed using primitive scales.
The capacitor is connected to a 10kV power source.
Fig. 5
cylinder
liquid dielectric
In the beginning, the asymmetric capacitor was
called “Frolov’s Hat” (its scheme is shown in
Fig. 3), but recently the design has been sim

plified. Now a scheme consisting of two elec

trodes, one of which is a thin wire while anoth

er is metal plate, is being developed, Fig. 4.
The present technology is also being developed
by the Transdimensional Technologies Compa

ny, USA. The research is supported by NASA and
patents have been obtained. News from this com

New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 75
The research on a solid gradient dielectric seems
to be the most promising. It is quite difficult for
our small private company to bring the idea to life
since the task to be implemented lies in the crea

tion of a gradual change of permittivity in the di

electric between the plates of the capacitor. We
are sure that our work has great commercial pros

pects and, therefore, continue experimenting. Cal

culations show that if a 10 kV power source is
used, the design force amounts to 80 tons with an
area of 100 sq. meters. If a high
quality dielectric
is used in the capacitor, the power source’s cur

rent drain could be minimal. These principles were
reported at a congress held in 1998 in Saint
Pe

tersburg, Russia. The present report was published
in a book called “Fundamental Problems of the
Natural Sciences”, vol I, pp. 195–200, 1999, Saint

Petersburg, Russian Academy of Sciences and
When a high voltage (~30 kV) is ap

plied to a capacitor whose electrodes
have different physical dimensions,
the capacitor experiences a net force
toward the smaller electrode (Biefeld

Brown effect). We have verified this
effect by building four capacitors of
different shapes. The effect may have
applications to vehicle propulsion
and dielectric pumps. We review the
history of this effect briefly through
the history of patents by Thomas
Townsend Brown. At present, the
physical basis for the Biefeld
Brown
effect is not understood. The order of
magnitude of the net force on the
asymmetric capacitor is estimated as

suming two different mechanisms of
charge conduction between its elec

Force On An Asymmetric Capacitor
Thomas B. BAHDER, Chris FAZI
Army Research Laboratory
Tech Report No. ARL-TR-3005, June 2003
(extracted from an Internet-source)
trodes: ballistic ionic wind and ionic
drift. The calculations indicate that
ionic wind is at least three orders of
magnitude too small to explain the
magnitude of the observed force on
the capacitor. The ionic drift transport
assumption leads to the correct order
of magnitude for the force; however,
it is difficult to see how ionic drift en

ters into the theory. Finally, we
present a detailed thermodynamic
treatment of the net force on an asym

metric capacitor. In the future, to un

derstand this effect, a detailed theo

retical model must be constructed
that takes into account plasma effects:
ionization of gas (or air) in the high
electric field region, charge transport,
and resulting dynamic forces on the
electrodes. The next series of experi

ments should determine whether the
effect occurs in a vacuum, and a care

ful study should be carried out to de

termine the dependence of the ob

served force on gas pressure, gas spe

cies and applied voltage.
Saint
Petersburg State University Publishers.
A.V. Frolov.
We are also continuing our research of the T

capacitor; an application for a patent has been
filed. I believe that the details of the invention
should not be considered until positive results
of a patent examination have been achieved.
After the acquisition of a patent, we shall de

velop partnership relations with different or

ganizations aimed at commercialization of the
invention. The end product will represent a thin
(about 1 millimeter thick) flexible film, the
structure of which realizes the T
capacitor prin

ciple. This film is to be manufactured by means
of the modern electronic industry. When the
power is on, a thrust will be generated in a di

rection perpendicular to the film surface.
Our company is interested in developing partnership relations with potential customers.
76 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
The Frolov’s T capacitor was in

vented several years ago but its
working principles are still not
correctly understood by the re

searchers. Since even the brief
original explanation of the work

ing principle given by Mr. Frolov
on his site did not present the real
source of thrust, the correct prin

ciple and theory will be given in
this paper.
The origin of the idea
The basic concepts of the T ca

pacitor can be found in the work
of T. Townsend Brown in the field
of E
field propulsion. In his pat

ent of ‘Electrokinetic Apparatus’
US 3,187,206 granted on June 1,
1965 the following important
declarations laid the ground for
the device:
• “This invention relates to an
electrical device for producing
thrust by the direct operation of
electrical fields. I have discov

ered that a shaped electrical
field may be employed to propel
a device relative to its surround

ings in a manner which is both
novel and useful…”
This statement declares the dis

covery that a unidirectional thrust
can be produced exclusively by
shaping the electrostatic fields, or
with other words by employing
special E
field
and charge distri

bution within and around the de

vice. The effect does not require
the reactive force of ions, or other
physical objects moving in oppo

site direction around the thruster.
• “The propelling force however
is not reduced to zero when all
environmental bodies are re

moved beyond the apparent ef

fective range of the electrical
field”.
Here it is confirmed that the creat

ed thrust does not require any phys

ical matter nearby to provide a re

action force and base. Thus the de

veloped thrust can be named
reactionless force within the phys

ical frame of reference (the reaction
background is represented by the
ether that can be considered be

longing to a subtler dimension).
• “Recent investigations in elec

trostatic propulsion have led to
the discovery of improved de

vices for producing thrust by
the use of electrical vectorial
forces”.
This sentence postulates that the
thrust is generated purely by the
electrical field (or force lines),
that is a vector field and also a
force field (unlike the magnetic
field). It is several times empha

sized in the patent that the unidi

rectional thrust is achieved by
creating an asymmetrical E
field
distribution that produces asym

metrical electrostatic forces. Thus
the art of producing effective E

field propulsion is defined as find

ing a way to create asymmetrical
E
field — and electrostatic force
distribution.
Frolov’s T-capacitor
And Its Working Principle
Zoltan LOSONC, Hungary
e-mail: feprinciples@on.mailshell.com
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 77
Mr. Brown has proposed several embodiments
that realize this concept, specifically the fol

lowing thruster type can be considered as the
basis for the T capacitor (shown in fig. 8. in
the original patent), that is presented on the
figure below:
The T capacitor design
and the unclear principles
The originality of the Frolov’s T capacitor is
in the different idea of achieving the asym

metry of the E
field. He keeps both electrodes
in the same plane, thinking that by placing a
sheet of dielectric under the electrodes will
weaken the E
field intensity at the bottom of
the electrodes (at least this is what his draw

ings suggest and how most researchers inter

pret the main principle). Thus the supposed
electrostatic pressure and forces will be weak

er on the bottom surface than on the top sur

face of the electrodes. This way the asymme

try is established and an upward resultant
unidirectional reactionless thrust is expect

ed. The original drawing of the T capacitor
borrowed from Mr. Frolov’s site is shown on
the following figure:
Mr. Frolov has given the following explana

tion about its working principle on his page
titled “proposals for experimental research
on propulsion systems”:
“Electrodes are separated by “dielectric wall”
to exclude electric discharge along minimal
distance way between electrodes. The elec

tric field structure is configured here to cre

ate co
directed electrostatic forces for both
electrodes. In microstructure version of this
system the operational voltage can be de

Fig. 1. Brown’s electrokinetic thruster
direction
of thrust
direction
of thrust
Power supply
no thrust
It is described in the patent as follows:
• “In accordance with still other aspects of
this invention an annular electrode mem

ber is secured to an electrode mounted in
the region of the axis of the annular elec

trode. If the second electrode is located at
the center of the annular electrode and the
two electrodes are energized such force is
not detected. However, if the second or in

nermost electrode is displaced from the
center of the annular electrode in the re

gion of the axis of the annular electrode
and the electrodes are energized, then the
thrust will be produced by the two elec

trodes. The annular electrode may either
be a flat ring, a toroid, or a section of a
cylinder”.
Thus by taking the two dimensional variant,
when the outer electrode is a flat ring and
the inner electrode is a flat disc, then we get
the planar electrodes of the T capacitor spe

cifically its circular “hat” variant. (Com

ment: this design was used by French re

searchers who named it “Frolov’s capacitor”.
But it is not exactly true. I recommend read

ing my article about Frolov’s Т
capacitor).
The E
field distribution should be asymmet

rical in order to obtain a unidirectional
thrust, and this asymmetry has been
achieved in Brown’s patent by moving the
central disk electrode above or below thep

laneof the ring.
dielectric
Fig. 2. The original drawing of the T capacitor
78 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
creased. E
shape dielectric structure is opti

mal for this case”.
Since the experiment demonstrated a unidi

rectional thrust, it is obvious that co
direc

tional resultant forces must exist on both
plates, but it does not explain its working
principle. It is not explained how (based on
what effect or mechanism) is the electric field
structure configured to create these co
direc

tional electrostatic forces, and what is the
shape and intensity of the E
field below the
electrodes. The dotted semicircular line above
the electrodes on the figure represents the E

field, and it suggests the reason and the way
these co
directional forces are created. Mr.
Frolov has obviously suggested that these
forces are nothing else but the electrostatic
pressure forces acting upon the surface of the
electrodes. Since the electrodes are made of
conductors and the E
field lines are always
perpendicular to the surface of the conductors
in electrostatics, it will be clear that only up

ward, co
directed forces will act upon the up

per surface of the electrodes.
However, no electric field lines and no forc

es are shown on the bottom surface of the
electrodes, and they are assumed not to ex

ist, or if they exist it is supposed that they
must be much less than those above the
plates and they have been neglected. The
electric field shape and intensity below the
electrodes are not discussed in the original
presentation, nor the existence of additional
forces upon the dielectric is mentioned
(Comment: It is not unmentioned but still it is
not covered in the open press. This issue is the
know
how of the invention. A.V. Frolov). The
area below the electrodes has been complete

ly neglected, although this area is the key for
creating the asymmetry, unidirectional reac

tionless thrust, and for the development of
efficient thrusters.
The detailed explanation
of the real principle
In order to understand the working princi

ple and find the source of the detected thrust
we have to know at least the approximate
form of the E
field within and around the
Fig. 3. The cross section of the thick T capacitor
(Comment: there is no T
shaped dielectric on Fig.3! Where
is the vertical wall between the plates? A.V. Frolov).
resultant upward
thrust
1 — top EP forces;
2 — bottom EP forces;
3 — dielectrophoretic EE forces.
1
thick layer of dielectric
2
3
thruster. For easier understanding let us con

sider first a T capacitor, which has a very
thick layer of dielectric below the electrodes.
If the thickness of this layer is about the size
of the width of electrodes (or thicker) then
we can assume that the whole space below
the electrodes is filled with the dielectric,
since the shape of the E
filed will be the same
with good approximation. Let’s name this
case as ‘thick T capacitor’. The shape of the
E
field will be approximately as shown on
the following figure:
This E
field shape is specially valid for a sec

tion of the series of strip like T capacitors
placed side by side with alternating positive
and negative electrodes, and also for the ‘hat’
version using disc and ring electrodes (in
that case some extra lines should be added
at the ring’s outer edges, but they make no
difference). The dielectric wall above the
electrodes has the only purpose to prevent
discharge and it does not alter the shape of
the E
field significantly (specially if it is thin
and of low dielectric constant), therefore it
is neglected in this explanation. (Comment:
It is not true. This mistake reveals the author’s
misunderstanding of the T
capacitor’s work

ing principle. A.V. Frolov)
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 79
The shape of the field lines above the elec

trodes is semicircular that is gradually dis

torted into ellipsoid form very close to the
inner edges, and finally merges into a straight
horizontal line connecting the two edges
along the shortest path. The changing inten

sity of the electric field is roughly indicated
by the density of the field lines, and it is
higher close to the inner edges and lower far

ther away from that point.
The intensity of the E
field is determined by
the potential difference between the elec

trodes and by the length of the specific E

field line. The potential difference between
two points is determined by the line integral
of the E
field vector’s and the elementary
displacement vector’s scalar product.
With simple words in this specific case it
means that since the potential difference be

tween any point on one electrode and any
point on the other electrode is the same, and
if the examined field line is longer, then its
intensity must be lower to give the same
product (and integral). This way it is obvi

ous that the E
field intensity of the shorter
semicircles close to the inner edges should
be stronger, and that of the longer field lines
farther away from the facing edges weaker.
The only forces present above the electrodes
are the electrostatic pressure (EP) forces
that act on the surface of the conductor
plates and they are perpendicular to the sur

face, pointing upwards on both electrodes
(codirectional). The intensity of these forc

es can be calculated after determining the
surface charge density (or E
field intensity)
in each point on the electrodes and integrat

ing the product of the local electrostatic
pressure and the elementary surface areas for
both electrodes:
However, this upward force will be effective
only if the downward force present on the
bottom of the electrodes will be smaller than
this force. As the above figure indicates the
E
filed lines below the electrodes within the
dielectric have the same shape as above the
electrodes. Since the potential difference be

tween the electrodes is the same as above the
plates and the symmetrical geometry creates
E
field lines of the same length as on the top,
the E
field intensity is the same as above the
plates. Although the originally declared and
assumed working principle would require
and predict an asymmetrical E
field distri

bution, and a weaker E
field intensity below
the electrodes this is obviously not realized
in this case.
After realizing that the E
field shape and in

tensity is symmetrical to the horizontal plane
of the electrodes and it is the same below and
above the electrodes (Comment: it is true for
the scheme shown in Fig.3 but not for the T

capacitor. A.V. Frolov), the question arises
whether the EP forces will be also identical
and cancel each other. If this would be the
case then there would be no resultant unidi

rectional thrust present on the thruster. Let
us see the magnitude of the EP forces on the
bottom of the electrodes. They are calculat

ed in similar way as previously for the top of
the plates but using the absolute dielectric
constant e of the dielectric in the formula in

stead of the dielectric constant of the air e0.
Although the E
field intensity is the same as
above the electrodes, the surface charge den

sity s will be greater than on the top surface
of the electrodes. The increased surface
charge density is caused by the property of
the dielectric to bind more electric charge on
its surface at the same E
field intensity than
what would be possible in vacuum. Compar

ing the bottom
and top forces we get the
ratio of Fb/Ft=e/e0=er that means, the force
at the bottom pulling the thruster down

wards is er times greater than that on the top
of the electrodes. Thus the EP forces on a
thick T capacitor produce a downward re

sultant thrust.
This finding is quite surprising, since accord

ing to the original assumptions exactly the op

posite was expected, namely a resultant upward
force and a weaker E
field below the thruster,
that is not true in this case. The strange thing
is that even the experimental observations in

dicated an upward resultant thrust. Where is
the mistake in the above analysis?
There is no mistake in the discussed analy

sis. Although the experimental observation
80 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
showed an upward resultant thrust, it does
not means that this resultant thrust can be
composed only of these two force compo

nents. If there is an additional upward force
component that is greater than the calculat

ed sum of EP forces, then the resultant ob

servable thrust will point upward. Let us see
what can be the source of such unexpected
upward force component.
The new force component and
new E-field thruster principle
The E
field thrusters invented by Brown, Frol

ov and other inventors were based on the pre

viously declared key principle first recognized
by Brown, that a reactionless unidirectional
thrust can be created by establishing an asym

metry of the electric field in the thrusters. This
can be accomplished either by geometrical
asymmetry of the electrodes or by asymmetri

cal utilization of dielectrics. This principle de

rives its forces from the electrostatic Coulomb
(EP) forces acting on uncompensated surface
charges on the electrodes or space charges with

in the nonlinear dielectrics.
The new force component that was not rec

ognized and explained in detail so far by oth

ers in E
field thrusters is the dielectrophoret

ic force component that acts on the electri

cally neutral body of the dielectric. The basic
mechanism of dielectrophoretic forces has been
described on the tutorial page dieltutor.htm. As
it is demonstrated on fig. 5a. on that page
there are two main forms of manifestation of
these forces. In the first case the E
field lines
are straight lines, but converging towards a
focus point, and thus it is a convergent inho

mogeneous (gradient) field. The elementary
dipoles of the dielectric are attracted towards
the greater E
field intensity, and they repre

sent the ‘convergent
field effect’ (CFE) forc

es, which are basically dielectrophoretic forc

es (Comment: exactly this issue, i.e. the E
field
gradient, was considered in the report given by
me at a congress held in Saint
Petersburg in
1998. The report is published in a book titled
“Fundamental Problems of Natural Sciences”,
vol I, p. 195
200, 1999, Saint
Petersburg, Rus

sian Academy of Sciences Publishers, SpbSU.
A.V. Frolov).
The first attempt to mathematically analyze
these forces was presented on the page
fullcylsph.htm, but the results are not in con

sonance with the preliminary measurement
results obtained so far. This deviation indi

cates that the dielectrophoretic forces with

in the dielectric can not be calculated sim

ply by using the Coulomb’s law for each mol

ecule and integrate their cumulative effect.
Since the E
field intensity can not be lower
than what follows from the line integral
along a specific E
field line calculated with
the formula (1), it is obvious that the elec

trostatic forces acting on the charges of the
elementary dipoles of the dielectric will be
less than predicted by the Coulomb’s law.
The question of exactly how much less, and
why is the Coulomb’s law not valid in this
case, should be answered after further re

search is done, and measurements performed.
The second form how these dielectrophoret

ic forces can manifest is shown on fig. 5b. on
the page dieltutor.htm. In this case the E

field lines are not straight lines but they rep

resent arcs and curved lines. Since in such
cases the charges of the elementary dipoles
are not attracted in exactly the opposite di

rection, they will be not attracted only to

wards the greater E
field intensity, but also
towards the concave side (or focus point) of
the curved E
field lines. Since in most cases
such arced E
field structure appears around
the edges of capacitors they have got the
name of ‘edge effect’ (EE) forces to be dif

ferentiated from the CFE forces. Its work

ing principle and the related basic calcula

tions were presented on the tutorial page
dielforce.htm specifically illustrated on fig.
12 and fig. 13. A mathematical analysis of
these EE forces has been presented on the
page dielphpump.htm, and their utilization
to produce free energy is suggested.
This type of dielectrophoretic force is
present in the dielectric of the T capacitor
since the shape of the E
field lines are arced,
and the resultant EE forces will point to

wards the center of the semicircles in upward
direction. This is the new force component
not explained by Brown and Frolov, although
it is stronger than the originally declared EP
forces.
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 81
The E-field shape and forces on
a “thin” T capacitor
When the layer of dielectric below the elec

trodes is not enough thick to include almost
all E
field lines and therefore a significant E

field exists even below the dielectric layer
then we get approximately the following
E
field distribution:
As the above figure shows the E
field inten

sity within the dielectric in this case is re

ally less than below the dielectric or above
the electrodes. At first sight this would sug

gest that the EP forces below the electrodes
are indeed smaller than above the plates. Al

though the EP forces on the boundary layer
of the electrodes and dielectric is less than
in the case of a thick T capacitor, the strong
E
field below the dielectric is still present
and it will increase the downward force
component. On the boundary layer between
the dielectric and air there will be non
com

pensated bound charges that will create an
intense E
field, similar to that above the
electrodes. Thus there will be additional,
fairly strong EP forces upon the bottom sur

face of the dielectric pulling the thruster
downward. Therefore the desired strong
asymmetry of the EP forces is not achieved
in this case either, when the E
field inten

sity is less in the dielectric than above the
electrodes.
The source of the resultant upward thrust
observed in experiments is again the edge

effect (EE) dielectrophoretic forces as in the
case of the thick T capacitor.
There are two more force components present
in the T capacitor. One is the force developed
by the ionized air, but if the edges of the elec

trodes are well insulated it can be minimized.
Even if these forces were present they would
produce a downward force, and could not be
the source of the observed upward thrust.
The second additional force component is the
Biefield
Brown effect that produces a unidi

rectional reactionless force from the negative
electrode towards the positive electrode, in

dependently of the shape or intensity of the
E
field and electrodes. The effect of this force
component can be also neglected in the T ca

pacitor, because it would represent a horizon

tal force component that does not contrib

ute to the vertical thrust. The intensity of
this force is also much less than the other
components (at least for the voltages applied
so far) and it is neutralized by the stacked T
capacitor elements placed side by side in
oneplanewith alternating positive and nega

tive (or grounded) plates.
Using the presented principle
for the optimization and
development of practical
E-field thrusters
The guidelines for the development of prac

tical E
field thrusters can be understood if
one realizes the main problem of inefficien

cy. The main problem is that different force
components fight against each other and di

minish the resultant unidirectional thrust.
The art of developing efficient E
field
thrusters is to amplify the strongest force
components pointing in the same direction,
and weaken the unwanted force component
opposing these forces. In order to maintain
high efficiency it is also important to pre

vent current leakage through ionization or
caused by insufficient insulating properties
of some dielectrics.
Fig. 4. The Efield distribution and forces
on a thin T capacitor
1 — top EP forces;
2 — bottom EP forces;
3 — dielectrophoretic EE forces.
resultant upward thrust
1
2 3
82 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Summary:
• The basic concept of the necessity of asymmet

rical E
fields for the creation of a unidirectional
reactionless thrust in E
field thrusters has been
declared by T. T. Brown.
• The original explanation of the T capacitor’s
principle by Alexander Frolov is to achieve
lower electrostatic pressure force on the bot

tom of the electrodes than above the plates
by placing a sheet of dielectric below the elec

trodes (Comment: It is not exactly so.
A.V. Frolov).
• It has been demonstrated that there is no elec

tric field asymmetry between the top and
bottom region of the thruster with a thick die

lectric, which is contradicting the original
expectations. Even in the case of T capacitors
with relatively thin dielectric layer the E
field
intensity is weaker only within the dielectric,
but a strong E
field is still present on the bot

tom surface of the dielectric layer producing
strong unwanted downward forces.
• It has been demonstrated that the EP forces
below the electrodes are not smaller than those
above the plates, and in the case of the thick
T capacitor it is even greater than the upward
EP forces. Thus the EP forces can not be the
source of the observed resultant upward
thrust as expected by the original theory.
• A new principle of producing unidirectional
reactionless thrust has been presented. The
thrust of this principle is created by the di

electrophoretic forces, that was not recog

nized and explained previously as the
source of reactionless thrust in E
field
thrusters. Two main variants of these die

lectrophoretic forces were shown: the ‘con

vergent field
effect’ (CFE) forces and the
‘edge
effect’ (EE) forces.
• It has been demonstrated that the EE forc

es create the observed upward resultant
thrust in the T capacitor and not the origi

nally declared EP forces acting upon the
uncompensated charges.
• The guidelines for the development of
practical E
field thrusters were present

ed that directly follow from the present

ed real working principle of the T capac

itor thruster.
RELEVANT LINKS:
http://www.soteria.com/brown/docs/index.htm
http://www.faraday.ru/t
cap.htm
http://www.faraday.ru/pot.htm
http://www.faraday.ru/gradient.html
http://www.faraday.ru/gravityconcept.htm
http://alexfrolov.narod.ru/plan.htm
http://www.geocities.com/a2509/electrogravitics.htm
Eagle-Research
Energy Solution since 1984
A research Organization that
develops & Distributes
Practical Energy-Saving
Methods and Devices
4 Energy Way, POBox 118
Porthill, Idaho 83853 USA
fax 1-250-492-7480
Technical questions to:
wiseman@eagle-research.com
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New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 83
Our magazine has recently drawn
our readers’ attention to the fact
that any potential field represents
a possible source of free energy [1].
Several practical implementations
have also been proposed. As report

ed in “New Energy Technologies”
magazine, several inventors are
making use of the Physical Effect of
Precession (PEP) in order to create
vehicles that do not need to have a
fulcrum to move and also to gener

ate free energy.
In the present article, on the basis
of experiments, carried out at the
Faraday Lab Ltd. (experiments with
a speed inertia governor have been
covered in previous issues of the
magazine [2]), and by describing
the MBG free energy generator, an
effort is made to give a concrete ex

ample of how inventors can use the
Physical Effect of Precession to cre

ate devices, aimed at utilizing of
any conservative natural forces of
potential fields. These are gravita

tional, electrostatic and magnetic
fields, Coulomb forces, Van der
Waals forces of structural unity of
a substance (of a spring, for exam

ple) and others.
The purpose of publishing this arti

cle is to find business partners and
investors, whose cooperation with
the author and the laboratory would
be aimed at commercialization of
this new innovation product and at
license transfer. This cooperation
will also allow the inventor to com

plete his scientific research and to
apply for patents.
Preface
The kinematic scheme of the mecha

nism of a gyroscope with 3 degrees of
freedom of flywheel rotation makes it
possible to transform a mechanical sys

tem comprising substance elements and
physical vacuum elements (aether) into
a “flywheel in the artificial potential
field of inertia centrifugal force”. This
results in an environmental resonant
energy interchange, leading to the cre

ation of a system of precession rotation
by means of the structure of substance
elements of the gyroscope construction.
This allows us to utilize environmental
free energy, in particular, to pick up
available energy by means of a load.
Description
of experiments
The physical effect of precession is one of
many tools granted to mankind by Na

ture that allows the tapping of free ener

gy. It is a key to inexhaustible supplies of
conservative forces of potential fields. Tra

ditional physicists have been concealing
this fact for many years. In traditional ref

erence books intended for students and
engineers you will not find any conclu

sions implying that the power on the shaft
of the moment of a gyroscope’s precession
forces represents free energy, which ap

pears due to the action of such external
forces, applied to the rotor axis, as, for ex

ample, the gravitational energy of the
weight force of the displaced center of
gravity of a rotor. This power, however,
does not appear due to the transforma

tion of the electrical energy, with which
the gyroscope’s rotor is supplied, into me

chanical energy. A manual published in
1964 [3] gives a short description of the
theory of gyroscopes, unveiling secrets
only to a limited number of people aware
of the mysteries of the PEP. This book is
intended for aviation engineers
to
be who
are only about to study drafts and designs
of aviation gyroscopes.
A Precession Free Energy Generator
V.I. BOGOMOLOV, Russia
tel: + 7 812 271 94 08
84 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
Proceeding from long
term experience of practical
verification of mathematical theories, D.S. Pelper
comes to the following conclusion: “The nutational
gyroscope motion represents an inertial motion... The
surplus inertial moment, which is also called the prod

uct of inertia forces in theoretical mechanics, tends
to align the gyroscope’s rotor axis with the axis of the
cardan’s external case, since the balance is broken
during the nutation. In the process of precession, a
dynamic balance between the external moment of
force and the gyroscopic moment, equaling the prod

uct of inertia forces, is created... The gyroscopic mo

ment represents the inertial resistance, shown by the
gyroscope when it resists to the applied external mo

ment of force... As follows from the equation of the pre

cession law, the precession motion of the gyroscope’s
rotor axis, equaling it, is determined by the external
moment of force, acting on the gyroscope... The pre

cession represents an inertialess motion”. Let us make
our own conclusion proceeding from this thought:
precession is a specific instrument that allows us to
use the energy of external forces, applied to a gyro

scope’s rotor due to the creation of a centrifugal iner

tia force moment, which appears due to the Physical
Effect of Precession.
In Pelper’s book, formulas describing laws of motion
of the gyroscope based on examples of mechanical
models are deduced. In these experiments, a balance

weight is used as an external force, applied to the
rotor shaft. This means that the energy of the grav

itational field is used, the capacity of which, in the
form of precession moment of force, is being utilized
for free! The question arises as to why the author
does not come to the next and most evident conclu

sion. It is clear that in order to receive power from
the axle of a precessing gyroscope, we have to accu

mulate the electrical energy in the form of the ki

netic energy of the flywheel rotation, and then sim

ply replace its small friction losses for an unlimited
period of time, since according to theory, no gyro

scope’s rotor energy is spent on the generation of
power of precession forces.
In order to verify this fact, a simple experiment was
carried out. Its purpose was to verify whether any
surplus energy was consumed by the gyroscope’s
motor during the process of utilization of gravita

tional energy at the precession axle. In order to car

ry out the present experiment, a scheme suggested
by Kl.E. Suorts was used.
Basic physical principles are described in a book by
Kl.E. Suorts [4]. The book also contains his inter

pretation of the gyroscope experiment: “You may
create a gyroscope using a bicycle wheel. Hang a
front wheel removed from a bicycle by one end of its
axle on a lace, as is shown in Fig.1. Lower the other
end of the axle so that the wheel is supported by the
lace only. An unbalanced moment of forces, over

turning the wheel, will be created right away. Grav

ity force, applied to the center of the wheel and di

rected vertically, acts on it. The arm of the present
force equals the distance from the center of the wheel
to the point where the lace is attached.
Now do the same, but this time ask someone to set
the wheel in rotation before you start lowering it. The
same unbalanced moment of gravity force will act on
the wheel, but it will not get overturned. The wheel
will remain vertically balanced, while its axle will
slowly turn in the horizontal plane around the lace”.
Fig.1
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 85
Why does the wheel not overturn and where does
the moment of impulse, connected with the wheel
center motion along the horizontally oriented cir

cle, come from?
In order to explain the present phenomenon, let us
consider what happens with the upper “Р” point of
the wheel. If we look from above, this part of the wheel
gets overturned to the right. Consequently, the force
acting on the Р point is also directed to the right.
However, the P point is rapidly moving forward
(when we look down at the wheel). The overturning
force imposes a small impulse on the Р point (the ital

ics are mine; it draws reader’s attention to the source
of impulse energy! V.I. Bogomolov); the impulse is di

rected to the right and is vectorially added to the main
impulse of the point in question, which is directed for

ward. The resultant impulse will have a direction that
corresponds to the turning of the whole wheel to the
right. Instead of getting overturned, the wheel and
the plane of its rotation will turn to the right.
Forces and impulse moments are shown in Fig. 1 by
arrows directed along the corresponding axes. In this
system, the rotating wheel has the largest impulse
momentum, which is directed along the horizontal
axis. The gravity force momentum also lies in the hori

zontal plane. However, it is situated perpendicular to
the wheel axle (italics and bold print are mine). Due to
this, the moment of gravity force does not deceler

ate the wheel and does not take away its kinetic
rotation energy, which is needed for the action of
precession forces moment of the Р point! During
each time interval dt, the moment of gravity force
alters the moment of precession of the Р point:
Мdt = dJ. This increment of impulse moment is di

rected transversely to the main impulse moment of
the wheel and does not change its module. However,
the momentum of gravity force changes the direction
of the impulse moment of the P point of the wheel. The
axle of the wheel rotates in the horizontal plane, and
the rotation continues while the moment of gravity
force is present. Such motion is called “precession”.
In the experiment according to Suorts’ scheme, the
rotor, in the form of a bicycle wheel, was replaced by
a cylindrical rotor of an electric motor with a diam

eter of 10 cm, a speed of rotation of 15,000 rot/min
and a weight of 2 kg. The arm of gravitation forces
moment amounted to 10 cm. A wire, loaded with a
200 g balance
weight via a block, was wound around
the precession axle. This was done in order to pick
up the axle’s available output, equaling N=mgh/t.
In a quiescent state a fixed motor consumed a DC
current with a voltage of 25 V and a current intensi

ty of 0.5 A. The power of the current amounted to
12.5 W. The angular velocity of the precession axle
amounted to 1 rotation per 5 sec. When the work of
lifting the balance
weight to a height of 1 m was per

formed and the wire was spooled around the preces

sion axle, the ammeter and voltmeter readings re

mained stable. The same was observed when the pre

cession axle was hard braked. We also compared the
time needed to fully stop the rotation of the fixed
electric motor’s rotor without any load and with a
load on the precession axle with a balance
weight
after the power supply was switched off. In both cas

es it amounted to 31 min. Furthermore, when the
gyroscope’s motor was switched off, the gyroscope
performed the work of lifting the balance
weight for
17 minutes. Conclusion: the gyroscope’s motor was
not consuming any extra energy during utilization
of gravitational energy on the precession axle!
After studying Suorts’ and Pelper’s interpretations
and proceeding from the results of our experiment,
it becomes clear that the constant of the flywheel’s
impulse moment in its basic rotation is easily main

tained in the present device, since in order to main

tain the inertial flywheel’s rotation, only the rolling
friction of the bearings must be overcome. The roll

ing friction increases linearly with the increase of
angular velocity (we also know the designs of mag

netic suspensions, air bearings and other devices, the
resistance of which is minimal). The increase of the
flywheel’s angular velocity, which must be main

tained at that level, to obtain the possibility of build

ing up the influence of external forces on the mo

ment axis. The gravity forces can be replaced by oth

er conservative forces, such as, for example, the
backmoving forces of a spring or by the forces acting
inside permanent magnets. In this way we may
achieve the generation of free energy, several times
exceeding friction losses, by means of picking up the
power of precession forces from the gyroscope axle.
The electric energy is consumed by the gyroscope
only to create favorable conditions for precession.
By directing a part of the free energy received in or

der to replace the energy spent, we will get a “per

petuum mobile of a second kind”.
The essence of the mechanical effect obtained is
determined by natural physical phenomena ob

served in the gyroscope, namely, the interdepend

ence of constants of two moments of rotation im

pulses — of the flywheel and of the gyroscope’s pre

cession rotation. This effect is also determined by
the effect of quantification of the precession impulse
moment by the L/R2 parameter value, where L is the
inertia radius of the precessing mass of the flywheel
and the action arm of the gravitational force and R
is the inertia radius of the flywheel rotation. In oth

er words, the intensity of the influence of gravita

tion (weight) on the arm with a change in this pa

rameter is constantly limited by the extreme of the
constant of quantification of the flywheel’s impulse
86 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
moment, in which a surplus inertial moment (the
product of inertia) is opposed to gravity, and in
which the vertical plane of the flywheel rotation is
preserved. In this case the flywheel does not fall.
Explanation of the essence of the
process of obtaining free energy
in a precession generator
The explanation of the process of obtaining free ener

gy in a precession generator is possible only on the ba

sis of a new physical paradigm [5], postulating that sub

stance elements are no more than vortices of the ae

ther medium, which maintain energy interchange
balance with the environment. The aether medium (a
physical vacuum) may structure itself and form its el

ements as mechanical systems (vortices, and packets
of standing waves) according to a universal kinematic
scheme that B.P. Ivanov [6] called “the organizational
form of matter”. “New Energy Technologies” magazine
has previously informed its readers about an experi

ment of obtaining free energy by using natural features
of potential fields of inertial centrifugal forces [2]. All
organizational forms of matter possess features of a
quantum
mechanical system: quantification of densi

ty of the kinetic energy of aether’s elements motion by
volume and mass density, quantification of the impulse
moment on the radius of curvature of the vortex’s tra

jectory and on the radius of inertia of a localized mass
of aether’s elements. Perpetual motion, energy inter

change and its transformation in the aether medium
are taken for granted by the new paradigm and are de

scribed by a universal action algorithm called “the Law
of Interdependence of Processes” [7]. This means that
generation of free energy followed by its utilization in
technical devices seems to be real. Quantification of
the density of the kinetic energy of aether’s elements mo

tion by volume in the organizational form of matter,
forming a potential gradient, can be used to describe
mechanisms of creation of forces and output power of
all potential fields, namely gravitational, electrical and
magnetic fields. It can be used to describe the photo

effect, Archimedes’ lift forces, and also to describe the
formation of the kinetic moment of centrifugal forces
in the potential field of inertial centrifugal forces.
The kinematic scheme of the gyroscope design is cre

ated according to the Laws of the Organizational Form
of Matter and its algorithm of the Law of Interdepend

ence of Processes. In this scheme, the correlation of
the quantized precession impulse moment and the
quantized flywheel impulse moment are ensured by the
L/R2 correlation. This complies with conclusions, fol

lowing from B.P. Ivanov’s theory: “A standing wave
process divides the volume of the proper sphere of the
organizational form of matter both inside and outside
its nucleus, into “envelopes” comprising equal masses
of matter. For this reason, and as a consequence of the
decrease in density of matter of a physical field, radii of
envelopes increase as squares of a natural sequence”
[5, page 272]. The consideration of regular kinematic

geometric parameters of a gyroscope’s construction al

lows utilizing free energy according to the Law of In

terdependence of Processes. This utilization implies the
picking
up of the available output of the moment of
precession forces on the gyroscope axis. The design of
the gyroscope also allows using the energy of structur

al unity of the substance of which the gyroscope is
made. This implies that the work is performed by the
structure of substance elements, while the potential of
recovery elastic forces (electrostatic Couloumb’s forc

es acting inside the lattice and Van Der Waals forces),
which are constantly resupplied by the energy from
the aether medium, are spent.
The Marinov–Bogomolov
Generator (MBG)
The discovery of the possibility of obtaining free ener

gy during the formation of the kinetic moment of cen

trifugal forces in the potential field of centrifugal iner

tial forces, made by the author, enabled him to create a
working prototype. The invention was first mentioned
in the article titled “Russian Inventor Needs Technol

ogy Transfer”, which was published in the “Peterburg

skij Analitik” (Saint
Petersburg Analyst) analytical
bulletin (№7 of 07.09.99). In that article, I described a
method for obtaining 3 kW of output power on the
shaft of a prototype, set in rotation by an 8 W electric
motor. The experiment was verified in August of 1999
by a commission consisting of representatives of the
University of Aerospace Instrument
Making Industry
and of the before
mentioned magazine. The commis

sion was headed by Professor M.S. Katkov.
The present device for the obtaining of free energy
was named the “Marinov–Bogomolov Generator”
(MBG) in memory of Stephan Marinov, a Bulgari

an scientist and inventor [8].
In 1998, the idea came to my mind of using a system
of ultrasonic resonators in technical devices in or

der to obtain non
compensated centrifugal inertial
forces of wave impulses in the mass of the substance
they are made of. However, I decided to build a sim

pler and cheaper mechanical model using the spring
pendulums that are used in laboratory research. This
model was intended to simplify calculations con

cerned with ultrasonic resonator pendulums.
In June of 1997, a temporary research group was cre

ated, consisting of seven members of the Laborato

New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 87
ry for Applied Tasks of the Center for Fundamental
Research, founded by Dr. V.Ya.Bril at the Saint
Pe

tersburg Mining Institute. A contract was signed
with the “TEST Separate Design Office” Company,
headed by B.P.Kuzmin, for the construction of an
experimental installation. In March of 1998, during
the testing of the installation, stable results were
achieved: the free energy, generated by the installa

tion and the power of its output exceeded the power
spent on resonance initiation by a factor of two.
Later, a second contract with the “TEST” Company
was signed, proposing a modernization of the model
that had been created to bring it up to production
standards using an investor’s funds. However, the
financing was stopped.
The principal scheme of the MBG generator is based
on Marinov’s [8] scheme of the “Buller
Marinov
Generator”, and uses in part the operating principle
of a well
known mechanism – the “centrifugal vibra

tor”
and the physical effect of precession. Symmet

rical and simultaneous rotation of masses of disbal

ances, taking place in this design, results in an oscil

lating spatial motion of the entire system (case). The
same effect may be observed in related mechanisms,
namely in Tolchin’s and Savelkaev’s inertioids.
The difference between the proposed scheme (Fig.1)
and the scheme of a centrifugal vibrator lies in the
idea that the rotary motion of disbalancing flywheels
was replaced by the oscillating motion of balancing
pendulums. The kinematic scheme of our installa

tion bears resemblance to the be

fore
mentioned Suorts’ scheme, the
main difference being that it is cre

ated as a system of balancing pen

dulums. The first balancing pendu

lum is a spring
backed swinging le

ver (1) mounted on a solid base, on
which a bob (2) oscillates with its
own resonant frequency on the
power
picking axle (3). The second
balancing pendulum is a subsystem,
playing the role of a weight (2) for
the spring
backed swinging lever. A
50
kilo weight (5) swings on the le

ver (4) of the pendulum with its
own resonant frequency, which
equals the frequency of the first one,
but with a phase shift totaling a
quarter of a period.
The second pendulum swings in
planes that are situated orthogonal

ly to the swing of the first pendulum.
Due to this, the impulse of inertial
forces transmitted to the first pen

dulum, does not dampen down the proper natural res

onant oscillation of the second pendulum. If masses
interact at a right angle, (during hard or soft concus

sion of the masses), no speed exchange takes place.
However, a peculiar feature is present in our device’s
kinematic scheme: the resonant supply of energy direct

ed from the first pendulum to the second, takes place
indirectly, by means of initiated inertial centrifugal
forces and the energy of the deformed structure of phys

ical vacuum substance elements (of aether). As a re

sult, the inertial oscillating spatial movement of the
whole system of masses transmitted to the swing shaft
(3) causes an increase in the device’s capacity. Curved
trajectories of the weights’ masses create an artificial
system, which is a potential field of inertial centrif

ugal forces of physical vacuum’s medium (aether)
that performs the work of spatial handling of pen

dulums’s weights. The work performed by the
spring elastic forces represents another source of
free energy. These forces, in their turn, also receive
energy from the medium of the physical vacuum dur

ing the process of constant substance
medium ener

gy exchange, providing for the structural unity of the
material that the springs are made of, within the lim

its of its strength (i.e. until the moment when the steel
will become “fatigued”).
The interaction of the two pendulums’ weights mass

es in the proposed scheme represents the conse

quence of the physical effect of precession.
The installation turned out to be heavy, weighing
more than 100 kilos, but quite cheap: the balancing
Fig. 2
88 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
swing of the resonator, for example, was made out of
the torsion suspension of an old automobile’s shock

absorber. The second balancing pendulum also rep

resents a self
oscillating system. Its oscillations are
initiated and maintained (in resonance) by means
of a centrifugal vibrator that represents an electric
motor with a “rider” — type reducer (8 W, 27 V,
6000 rot/min.) (6), which rotates a lever (7) with a
70
gram weight (8) on its shaft. The angular velocity
of rotation, amounting to 1 Hz, equals the frequen

cy of oscillations of the second pendulum.
When the frequency of rotation of the balance

weight (8) amounts to about 1 Hz, both pendulums
start to resound and oscillate with a maximum am

plitude just two seconds after the electric motor has
been switched on. This motion on the output of the
swing shaft is characterized by the following indi

ces: rotation oscillation at an angle of 7–10 degrees
with a frequency of about 1 Hz. The output capac

ity, which was evaluated by means of braking,
amounted to about 3 kW.
Since a 50
kilo weight (5) reaches the impulse pow

er of 3 kW in 2 sec using the power of the initiation
device equaling 8 W, it is evident, that the present
gain in power cannot be obtained by means of accu

mulating the energy of the electric motor in the
mechanism. It would take more than 6 minutes to
accumulate such an amount of energy.
The principles used in the design of the prototype of
the GMB generator, have already been implement

ed by the author in two other devices intended for
mass production. The first device, named “Kamer

ton” (Tuning Fork), is intended for heating farmers’
greenhouses and townspeople’s country houses. It
has been designed to be cheap and simple in produc

tion. The scheme of the device is not given in this
article since it is the “know
how” of the author.
Another device, called the “UZV Modul
Generator”
(Ultrasonic Generating Module), is a universal
electric energy generator. Depending on the number
of modules in a block, this device may be used to
supply energy to any electrical consumers (domestic
electric appliances, electric vehicles, and factory
equipment as well).
Proceeding from the scheme shown above, by using
piezocrystals for the generation of EMF (1) and an
ultrasonic resonator (oscillator) made of a block
comprising a number of nickel plates (2), an effec

tive and compact version of the GMB generator can
be constructed (Fig. 3). A solenoid, receiving ener

gy from an AC generator, (3) will initiate the reso

nator’s natural oscillations (2) (the magnetostric

tive effect), gradually matching the resonance fre

quency according to the principle of feedback in self

oscillating systems. A more detailed description is
not available since it is also the “know
how” of the
author.
REFERENCES:
1. A.V. Frolov, “Free Energy”, New Energy Technolo

gies, №1, 2003
2. V.I.Bogomolov, “Bogomolov’s Generator”, “An Ex

periment of Using Free Energy”, New Energy Tech

nologies, №№4, 5–6, 2003
3. S.P. Pelper, “Gyroscopic Devices and Autopilots”,
Moscow, Nauka Publihshers, 1964, pages 32–33
4. Kl.E. Suorts, “An Extraordinary Physics of Com

mon Phenomena”, Moscow, Nauka Publishers,
1986, pages 174–175
5. V.I.Bogomolov “A Matreshka
type Paradigm of
World’s Physical Structure”. Schemes for utiliza

tion of energy of conservative fields, A collection
of articles, Saint
Petersburg, 2002.
6. B.P. Ivanov “A Physical Model of the Universe” —
Saint
Petersburg, Politekhnika Publishers, 2000
7. A.P.Smirnov “Reality Physics”, Collection of ar

ticles “The Principle of Order”, A.P. Smirnov,
I.V. Prohortsev, Saint
Petersburg, PIK Publish

ers, 2002.
8. S. Marinov “Using of Inertial Forces For Genera

tion of Free Energy”, A collection of articles “Prob

lems of Space, Time and Gravity”, A collection of
articles of the IVth International Conference held
on 16–21 September, 1996, Saint
Petersburg, Po

litekhnika Publishers, 1997.
Fig. 3
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 89
About the author: A.V. Perfiliev gradu

ated the Department of Spacecraft
Designing of Moscow Aviation Institute
(MAI). He worked in the RDE of Ap

plied Electrodynamics (MAI), then —
in the State Space Research and
Production Complex named for
M.V.Khrunichev, participating in the
project for developing the International
Space Station.
On the background of a rapid devel

opment of such fields of knowledge
as computer science and genetics the
absence of breakthroughs in space
technologies became too evident.
The aerospace
industry stagnation
A resolution on the usage of a mod

ernized “Soiuz” carrier
rocket as the
main medium
class carrier
rocket at
the Kourou Space Centre has been
recently passed. Meanwhile, this rock

et represents a modification of the R

7 rocket by means of which the first
artificial satellite was launched forty

seven years ago. Add three years that
were needed to design the rocket and
you will get fifty years, upon expira

tion of which this construction starts
the next (as it is difficult to call it
“new”) epoch in modern astronautics.
It is fairly hard to imagine that
Wright’s airplane could have been in
operation until the 1960
s.
Descent modules with American mars

rovers and the European “Beagle
2”
module used large air bags for soft
land

ing on the surface of Mars. This meth

od was first used in the construction of
a Soviet automatic interplanetary
“Luna
9” (“Moon
9”) station that was
the first to soft
land on the Moon sur

face. At that time it was a measure of
necessity since there was no time left for
the adjustment of the landing system by
installing vectoring thrusters. Now it
may be considered as a regress since
though air
bags can provide for weight
and economic efficiency, they are not as
reliable as it may seem. This was con

firmed by the failure landing of the
“Beagle
2” landing module and the
problems, which occurred when the
“Spirit” mars
rover failed to descend
from the platform because of one of the
air
bags not being totally empty.
The principle of reactive motion was
used in the ancient China as far back
as four thousand years ago.
Tzyolkovsky and Goddard, the pio

neers of astronautics, started their
research by studying reactionless
propulsion systems. Tzyolkovsky an

alysed a centrifugal machine while
Goddard tried to make use of elec

trodynamic installations. However, a
quick solution of the problem was not
found and the before
mentioned and
slightly improved technology was
used during the mission to the Moon.
It took great effort of a super
power
to accomplish missions to the Moon,
while a mission to Mars still remains
to be technically and economically
insoluble problem. A flight to other
planetary systems by using reactive
thrusters, be it nuclear or electro
jet,
seems to be as unreal as a journey to
the Moon by means of a cannon.
New physical
principles
It is not very often that fully studied
phenomena are technically imple

On The Way to A New Astronautics
A.V. PERFILIEV, Russia
Enthusiastov Str., 74/2, ap. 43
111123, Moscow
90 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
mented. The initial stage of the development of
aviation was completed before aerodynamics ap

peared as a field of science. At that time, copying a
natural object, a bird wing, was the main direction
of research. By the way, the principle of reactive
propulsion is also used by living organisms, in par

ticular by the octopus. It seems that there are no
more natural analogs left to copy new principles of
creating a thrust. But it is so only at first glance.
Mankind has long since been aware of permanent
magnets that effectively interact with each other.
What we need to do is to make them interact with
the physical vacuum. In order to accomplish this
task we need to disturb the physical vacuum by
means of a magnetic build
up at resonant frequen

cies. It is possible that this very principle is used in
the Roshin — Godin’s generator.
It is strange that the scientific world left this ex

periment unnoticed. If weightlessness of the in

stallation amounting to 120 kg is a traction effort,
the installation could be used right now as a me

dium
thrust engine for space flights along inter

planetary trajectories since 120 kg of thrust is
much more than electro
jet engines can provide.
The installation, what is more, is partially or en

tirely used as a power source. Moreover, it does
not use any working medium for creating thrust.
The use of principle of creation of both thrust and
energy inside a single installation, which have al

ready been realized in liquid
fuel rocket engines,
is to be wished.
If we proceed from the idea that the physical vacu

um resists to objects moving with acceleration, thus
causing relativistic effects, we need to built a space

craft surrounded by a lens consisting of a physical
vacuum separating the inner physical vacuum
(inside the spacecraft) from the external one for ac

complishing space flights for interplanetary
distances. The alternative is to break the structure
of the physical vacuum before a flying spacecraft. In
both cases the physical vacuum inside the spacecraft
will remain motionless, which will cause zero gravity.
At the same time, a small and accelerated stream of
the physical vacuum could be let pass through the
spacecraft in order to create the Earth gravity. It will
allow us to maneuver and to accelerate without
exposing the crew to gravity loads. The flow of
external physical vacuum around the spacecraft will
allow increasing the flight speed without any limits.
Let us draw an analogy from aviation: during the
flight of a biplane air moves between its wings, thus
increasing the biplane’s resistance with the speed
increase. A monoplane with arrow
type wings is
flown around as a single object; that is why it may
break the sonic barrier relatively easy. The speed of
sound in air is limited by the “М” value (the speed of
sound). At the same time it exceeds the “M” value
inside a flying supersonic aircraft relative to a
motionless observer. A material object may exceed the
speed of light when traveling inside a physical vacuum
lens, flown over by the external environment. One of
the most interesting by
effects accompanying the
flight will be full invisibility of a spacecraft if it is
moving towards the observer or from him and blurring
of contours at other angles of view.
Practice is the criteria of truth
At present moment it is to be wished that experi

ments with the Roshin
Godin generator are resumed
and some alterations are made in its construction.
First, the axis of rotation should be placed horizon

tally in order to find out whether a change in mass is
caused by the creation of thrust or whether the mass
changes independently. This means that depending
on the direction of rotation the installation may
create an accelerated stream of physical vacuum; it
may also thicken or reduce the physical vacuum. In
the latter case the change in density of the physical
vacuum would decrease or increase the influence of
the Earth’s gravity field (as it might represent the
physical vacuum density gradient) on the weight of
the installation.
Second, magnetic inlays on the rotor’s rolls and on
the stator should be removed and replaced by driv

ing electric motors installed on axes of all rolls.
Though the effect of self
acceleration will disap

pear, we shall be able to find a precise resonant ratio
of rotation speed of the rolls to the speed of rota

tion of the rotor as a whole. And only after this mag

netic inlays must be installed with optimal spacing.
Third, the role played by coverings of magnetic el

ements made of copper should be found out. In or

der to perform this task, a number of experiments
should be carried out without any coverings.
Finally, the creation of multi
row installations is
also possible. It is reasonable that it will take great
expenses. But they cannot be compared with multi

billion sums of money spent on carrying out
manned space missions to Mars and to the Moon
that the USA, the EU and China are planning to
realize in parallel. It is worth mentioning that these
missions are mainly politically biased.
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 91
A converter
of the magnetic field
energy into the electric
energy
Our research team has practically fin

ished the work on creating a unique tech

nology that will enable mankind to get
mechanical energy, which is the cheap

est today and which, as it seems, will re

main the cheapest in the near future.
This technology is based on a whole ar

ray of principles and methods of convert

ing external energy into mechanical en

ergy, which implies that other types of
energy can be generated as well — includ

ing electrical, chemical, heat energy etc.
Members of our research team have got
about 150 patents in the fields of research
relating to those described in the article.
In the theoretical part of the work, a log

ical basis has been laid and the main
principles of generating mechanical,
electric and other types of energy have
been worked out. Technical solutions
based on these principles are ready to
be patented.
In the practical part of the work, one of
the main principles formulated is realized
in an operating device. The device is a
cold generating energy converter. This
device is a prototype (hereafter referred
to as “the converter”) with a wattage of
5 kW and a weight of less than 25 kg. It
comprises three interconnected func

tional blocks. The converter uses two or
three external energy sources, including
the energy of the gravity field. The giv

en wattage of the converter is selected
for the sake of performing research tasks
and for the development of principles of
high wattage installation construction.
Power equipment created on the basis of
this prototype is quite manufacturable,
failsafe and stable in operation, having
small dimensions and comprising a min

imal number of components — three
(equaling the number of functional
blocks).
Capital, operational and consumption
outlays per 1 kW of the set power are
minimal, due to the absence of thermo

technical equipment and of traditional
thermodynamic process mechanisms. As
a result, the payback period of a convert

er with a wattage of 300 kW, according
to our preliminary estimations, will
amount to 4 to 6 months. This means that
the generation of almost free energy
would be possible in less than a year.
According to our estimations, construc

tion of our devices leads to a reduction
in the payback period due to the watt

age increase. We don’t see any technical
limitations in the production of cold gen

erating energy converters of practically
unlimited power (right up to the reach

ing of APP power unit wattage).
The prime cost of 1 kW of energy, includ

ing the electric energy, generated accord

ing to this technology, is a hundred times
lower than the prime cost of the energy
generated by hydro, atomic and heat
power plants.
This technology makes possible the pro

duction of domestic, industrial or elec

tric power installations used for the gen

eration of AC/DC current of the neces

sary voltage and wattage.
Because the proposed technology does
not imply the use of either nuclear or fos

sil fuel in the working cycle and does not
generate any excessive noise, it is envi

ronmentally safe.
It is technically possible to produce devices
of any power, built according to this tech

nology, and to use them in any region of the
Earth, which will allow building power
con

suming facilities without the need to have
power stations or high
voltage power lines
in the vicinity. The technology will also al

low make it possible to abandon the need
to use expensive means of energy transfor

mation and its delivery to the destination
point, thus reducing enormous expenses.
The converter can be functionally used,
not only as a power unit. After the in

stallation of additional devices, it can
successfully act as a propelling unit on
ships, locomotives, automobiles etc.
An Energy Converter
The author of the device: BEREKELEA A.N.,
Aberechelea@UFMoldova.com
tel. +373 94 59826
92 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
2001, №1 (1)
• An Experimental Investigation of the Physical Effects In a
Dynamic Magnetic System. V.V. Roschin and S.M. Godin
• Torsion Technologies Are XXI Age Technologies. Acad. Ana

toly E. Akimov
• On New Energy and Political Authority, Alexander V. Frolov
• Calculation on the Effect of Many
Cavity Structures by Prof.
Valery F. Zolotariov
• Quasi
Superconductive Technology for Electric Power Trans

mission. Prof. Dmitry S. Strebkov
• Water is the Basis of the Future Energetics. Prof. Phillip
M. Kanarev
• Over
unity Patent of 1877 by Pavel Yablotchkov
• The Fundamentals of the New Principles of Motion, P. Sherbak
• A Design of an Engine For Free
Space Flights Based On the
Pondemotor Effect. Acad. Gennady F. Ignatyev.
• Experimental Gravitonics. Spartak M. Poliakov and Oleg
S. Poliakov
• The Physical System of Artificial Biofield. Dr. Alexander
M. Mishin
• Experiments on Change of the Direction and the Rate of Time.
Dr. Vadim A. Chernobrov
• On Some Properties of Physical Time and Space. Prof. Dr.
Albert I.Veinik
• Causal Mechanics. A review about a research by Prof. Nick

olay A. Kozyrev
• Spin (axion) Field Generator, Alexander Shpilman
• On the Eve of the Sixth Revolution in Physics, Dr. Atsukovsky
2001, №2 (2)
• Kozyrev
Dirac Magnet
Monopole Emanation. Dr. Ivan
M. Shakhparonov.
• The Hydro
Magnetic Dynamo by Acad. Oleg Gritskevitch
• Testing of a Small Prototype to Investigate the Searl’s Effect,
S. M. Godin and V.V. Roshin
• Theoretical Basis of the Searl’s Effect, by Dr. Rykov
• Hydrogen
helium Energy on the Base of Laminated Silicates
and Tectosilicates, Dr. Oleg M. Kalinin, Dr. Harmut Mueller,
Surina K.S.
• A New Concept of Physical World, Dr. Nikolaev.
• The Main Principle of Etherodynamics, Dr. Mishin
• New Experimental Data from Dr. Mishin on the Ether and Anti

gravity Effects. The Discovery of The Center of The Universe.
• Research on the Capacitance Converter, transforming the
Environmental Heat into Electricity, N.E.Zaev.
• Longitudinal Waves in Vacuum: Formation and Research. Dr.
Kirill P. Butusov.
• Work, Alexander V. Frolov
• Reactionless Propulsion and Active Force, Alexander
V. Frolov
• Rythmodynamics of Amplitudeless fields, Dr. Yury N. Ivanov
• The DNA molecule and Four
dimensional Holography, Alex

ander V. Frolov
• Gravity and Aether, I.Hayrullin.
2001, №3 (3)
• Time is a Mystery of the Universe, Dr. Lavrenty S. Shikhoba

lov, St.Petersburg, Russia
• Experiments With a Manned Time Machine. Dr. Vadim Cher

nobrov, Moscow, Russia
• Time is a Physical Substance, Dr. Kirill P. Butusov, St.Petersburg,
Russia
• Experimenting With Time, Prof. Velimir Abramovich, “Time
Institute”, Rotterdam, Holland
• Practical Application of the Time Rate Control (TRC) Theo

ry. Alexander V. Frolov, Russia
• Irving Langmuir and the Atomic Hydrogen. Dr. Nicholas
Moller, Greece
• Hydrogen Energy. Studennikov V.V., Kudymov G.I, Russia
• On Strange Effects Related to Rotating Magnetic Systems.
M. Pitkanen, Finland
• Experiments with Transdimensional Lifters. Jean
Louis Nau

din, France
• On the Great Constant 137.036. Dr. Anatoly Rykov, Russia
• Inertia Propulsion Drives. Boris D. Shukalov, Russia
• The Technical Design of the “Silver Cup” Antigravitational
Spacecraft, Eugeny Kovalyov, Latvia
• Gravity
inertial Mass. J.A. Asanbaeva, Republic Bashkiria
• Propulsion due to the Relativity Effect of the Inertia Force.
Takuya Ishizaka, Japan
• Physical Properties of Axion Fields. Influence of an Axion
Field on the Hardness of the Pearlitic Cast Iron. Alexander
Shpilman, Kazakhstan.
• On the Significance of the Conical Shape of the Rotor of Clem’s
Generator. Alexander V. Frolov, Russia
• On History of the Cold Nuclear Fusion in Russia in 1960s.
Review, Alexander V. Frolov, Russia
2002, №1 (4)
• On the Possibilities of Vortex Energy. News About Experi

ments by Acad. Gritskevitch O.V. and Lisniak S.A., Vladivos

tok, Russia.
• Tesla, “Time Control” and other aspects of Tesla’s research,
Prof. Velimir Abramovich, Rotterdam.
• Future Energy Technologies, Dr. Thomas Valone, Washing

ton, USA.
• On the Question of Work Performed by an Electrostatic Field,
Alexander V. Frolov
• On General Nature of Forces and New Methods of producing
propulsion force by Dr. Eugene Sorocodum, Moscow, Russia.
• The Antigravitational Wing, Ponomarev D.V. and Shibeko
R.V., Komsomolsk
on
Amur, Russia.
• The Radio
telescope in Pulkovo Receives Signals Coming
From the Center of the Universe, Dr. Alexandra A. Shpital

naya and Dr. Alexander M. Mishin, St.Petersburg, Russia.
• The Inertialess Motion and Antigravity Are No More Secrets,
Dr. Anatoly Rykov, Moscow, Russia.
• Inductive Conversion of Heat Energy to Electrical Energy,
Experiments With Magnetic Materials Aimed At Getting Free
Electric Energy From Magnetic Materials by Nikolay E. Zaev,
Moscow, Russia.
• Tetra
space Coordinates, Josef Hasslberger, Rome, Italy.
• To the Question of Multipolarity, Alexander V. Frolov,
St.Petersburg, Russia.
• Ball Lightning: a Description and Proposals On Experiments,
Ivan Tshinarev, Tver, Russia
• The Problem of Electron and Physical Properties of Time
Regarding Electronic Technologies of the 21st Century, Prof.
Oleinik, Ukraine
• Parametrical Generation of Alternating currents by
N.D.Papaleksi, Alexander V.Frolov.
• Gerlovin’s Theory of Activation, a review of some experiments on
the “structure activation” of matter, Alexander V. Frolov, Russia
2002, №2 (5)
• MEG Over
unity Electromagnetic Transformer by T.E.Bearden
and my F
machine, Alexander V. Frolov
• Fuelless Energy, N.E.Zaev.
• Symmetrization of Maxwell
Lorentz Equations. Experimen

tal Methods Of Generating Longitudinal Waves in a Vacuum,
Dr. Kirill P. Butusov
• Vortex Heat Generators, Dr. Eugene Sorokodum.
• Experimental Investigations Based on the Model of Electro

magnetic Solitary Waves (solitons), Mikhail V. Smelov
• N.Kozyrev’s Ideas Today, Dr. Shikhobalov.
• Kozyrev on the Possibility of Decreasing the Mass and Weight
of a Body Under the Influence of Active Properties of Time, A
review of experiments.
• Longitudinal Thermomangetic Effect, Dr. Alexander M. Mishin.
• An Introduction to Gravity, Lew Price and Mart Gibson.
• A Physical Model of Experiments Carried Out by E. Podklet

nov, V. Roshin and S.Godin, Anatoly Rykov
• Scalar Wars, T.E.Bearden
• The Problem of Electron and Superluminal Signals
New Energy Technologies CD
All back issues of 2001–2003
We would like to suggest you to have a look at
the list of articles that were published in our
magazine during past two years. You may order
a CD, containing PDF-files of all these issues
(covers included and are in JPEG format).
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 93
• Gravitational Electrolysis
2002, №3 (6)
• Large
Scale Sakharov Condition, David Noever and Chris

topher Bremner
• Matter As a Resonance Longitudinal Wave Process, Alexan

der V. Frolov
• The Physical Principles of The Time Machine, Alexander V.
Frolov
• The Time Machine Project by Alexander V. Frolov
• Kozyrev
Dirak Radiation, Ivan M. Shakhparonov
• Electrical
Vortex Non
Solenoidal Fields, S. Alemanov
• Physical Mechanism of Low
Energy Nuclear Reactions,
V.Oleinik, Yu. Arepjev
• The Evolution of the Lifter Technology, T. Ventura
• Reality and Consciousness in Education and Activity,
A.Smirnov
• Old New Energy, Y. Andreev, A. Smirnov
• On the Influence of Time on Matter, A. Belyaeva
• Life Without Diseases and Ageing
Preventive Features of an
Electrical Bio
Heater, A. Belyaeva
• A Technical Report on Belyaeva’s High
Efficiency Ceramic
Heater, Sh. Mavlyandekov
• Fundamental Properties of the Aether, A. Mishin
• The Influence of the Magnetic Blow
Wave Field on Wine
Systems, I. Shakhparanov and others
• Nikola Tesla and Instantaneous Electric Communication, V.
Korobeynikov
• A Unified Theory of Gravity, I. Kuldoshin
• New Sources of Energy from the Point of View of the Unitary
Quantum Theory, L.G. Sapogin, Yu.A. Ryabov, V.V. Grabosh

nikov
• Antigravity Force and the Antigravity of Matter. Methods of
Its Generation, A. K. Gaponov
• A Capacitor, Which Possesses Energy of an Atomic Bomb
(Review of Gaponov’s research)
2002, №4 (7)
• Gravitonics is the Electronics of the XXI Century, Spartak
M. Poliakov, Oleg S. Poliakov
• Experimental Research on a Gravity Propulsion System. Re

view
• The Beamship Technology: Reconsidering the Discoveries of
the beginning of the 20th, Russell Anderson
• Commercial Antigravity, Tim Ventura
• Action Without Reaction. A New Gravidynamic Paradox, Yuri
N. Ivanov
• New Possibilities of Vortex Electrical Devices, Stanislav A.
Lisnyak
• An Investigation of Electric Energy Transmission Processes
in non
Metallic Conducting Channels, D.S. Strebkov, A.I.
Nekrasov, S.V. Avraamenko
• Microcosm – Universe
Life, Alexey G. Shlienov, Ernest L.
Petrov
• Hypothesis of a Theory of Everything, Jack P. Gibson
• The Charge and Mass of a Photon, Dzabrail Kh. Baziev
• The Homopolar Motor: A True Relativistic Engine, Jorge
Guala
Valverde, Pedro Mazzoni, Ricardo Achilles
• Weight Reductions Caused by Bucking
Field Permanent
Magnets, William C. Simpson
• Advanced Nuclear Waste Decontamination Technologies,
Mark Porringa
• Experimental Investigations of the Change in the Radioac

tive Isotope Half
Value Period in the Local Volume of Cause

Effect Relations, Igor A. Melnik
• Tilley Electric Vehicle
• The Problem of Time: Force as the Cause of Change in the
Course of Time, Valentin P. Oleinik
• Time and its Physical Relationships, Andrew Michrowski
• Time as a Phenomenon of the Expanding Universe, Michael
H. Shulman
• Experiments on Thermo
Gravitation. Review
• A Letter to the Editor from Hector D. Perez Torrez
2002, №5 (8)
• Frolov’s Asymmetrical Capacitors
• The Electrokinetic Apparatus by T.T.Brown
• A Patent by T.T.Brown
• Nikola Tesla’s Later Energy Generator Designs, Oliver Nichelson
• High
Efficiency Electrolysis, Alexander V. Frolov
• New Results of Development and Testing of a Single
Wire
Electric Power System, Prof. Dmitry S. Strebkov, Eng. Stan

islav V. Avramenko, Dr. Aleksey I. Nekrasov, Eng. Oleg A.
Roschin
• Shauberger’s Engine? by Eugene Arsentyev
• The De Aquino ELF Gravitational Shield, Tim Ventura
• Ferrites and Generation Of Free Energy by Means of Ferro

magnetics, Nikolay E. Zaev
• Key Concepts for the Conversion and Control of Gravitational
Energy, Glenn M. Roberts
• Analysis of the Additional Energy Formation Processes in
Vortices and Vortex Heat Generators, Dr. Alexey M.
Savchenko
• Kuldoshin’s Transformer, Review
• Disappearance of Inertia Force Mechanical Resonances and
Free Energy Work, Arkady P. Kuligin
• The F
Machine, Vyacheslav I. Boryak
• The LUTEC Magnet Motor
Generator
• Prof. Korotkov
• Books
• How to Build Electrical Solid
State Over
Unity Devices,
William Alek
• The “Time” Seminar Held in Moscow State University
• A Vortex DC Motor
• News
• Valerian Sobolev’s Discovery. Review
• Letters from Readers
• Review on the Tilley Electric Car Recharger Promotion, Eu

gene F. Mallove
2002, №6 (9)
• Some Experimental News, A.V. Frolov
• On the Possibility of Controlling the Course of Time, V.P.
Oleinik, Yu.C. Borimsky, Yu.D. Arepjev
• Spontaneous Polarization of some Glasses and Direct Current
as an Inexhaustible Energy Source, L.G. Sapogin, Yu.A. Ry

abov
• New Fuelless Space Power Engineering, V.D. Dudyshev
• Electrodynamic Explanation of Ball Lightning, S.B. Alemanov
• The Nature of Torsion Fields, V.V. Uvarov
• Matter, Space and Time in the Conception of Aether Field,
A.M. Mishin
• Patent Experts Now are Between a Rock and a Hard Place, V.
Sharov
• Reidar Finsrud’s Perpetual Mobile in Norway, John Pasley
• Physical Quantum Vacuum is a Source of Electromagnetic
Energy, P.M. Shalyapin
• What is An Instantaneous Electrical Communication, V.I.
Korobeynikov
• Investigation of a Single
Wire Electric Power System, D.S.
Strebkov, S.V. Avramenko, A.I. Nekrasov, O. A. Roschin
• Fuelless Monothermic Engine (Invention by Y. Volodko)
• On Viktor S. Grebennikov’s Discoveries. Review
• Experimental Study of Properties of Time. Review
• Bedini Generator, David Mason
• Article Update for An Introduction to Gravity, Lew P. Price
• The CIP Engine Principle, Robert L. Cook
• The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman, Michael William

son
• What is the RQM Technology? Review
• Experimental Data on Time Control by Acad. A.I. Veinik
• The Space Power Generator by P. Tewari. Review
2003, №1 (10)
• Testatika. A Review of a Well
Known Electrostatic System.
• Cold Fusion by Plasma Electrolysis of Water. Ph.M. Kanarev,
T. Mizuno
• What A Cold Fusion Is and What Does It Mean to Science
and Society? E. Storms
• Technical Introduction to LENR
CANR (Low Energy Nucle

ar Reactions). E. Storms
• It all Started in 1989… (History of Cold Fusion Development).
P. Hagelstein
• A Science Tutorial (Cold fusion). T. Chubb
• LENR (Low Energy Nuclear Reactions) Experiments.
• On Electrogravitation. A.V. Lemeshko
• Avalanche
drive Propulsion Device. M.L. Filho
• Hydrogen
Powered Vehicles. P. Behr, G. Schneider
• Unusual Permanent Magnet Motors. T. Valone
• Hydrogen Energetics. A. Pashova
• On the Longitudinal Electromagnetic Waves. A.V. Frolov
• Space and Terrestrial Transportation and Energy Technolo

gies. T.C. Loder
• Commercialising the “Searl Effect”.
• Interesting Publications of the Last Year.
• “Lifter” Project
• New Electric Fire Technology. V.D. Dudyshev
• New Effect of “Cold” Evaporation. V.D. Dudyshev
94 New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004
You may order the CD from the office of New Energy Technologies magazine:
Lev Tolstoy Str., 7 – 601, Saint-Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
e-mail: office@faraday.ru. tel: 7 (812) 380-3844
• Conceptual Hurdles to New Millennium Physics. D. Reed
• Resonant Phenomena Occurring in Alternating Current Cir

cuit. A.V. Frolov
• Books Review
2003, №2 (11)
• Minato Wheel. E. Vogels (Sweden)
• Mechanism of Drive
Free motion. S.A. Gerasimov (Russia)
• Production of Ball Lightning in Laboratory Environment.
Report by A. Pashova (Russia)
• Electric Discharge Produced into Air Half
Space. G.D. Shab

anov, O.M. Zherebtsov (Russia)
• Free Energy. A.V. Frolov (Russia)
• Some General Properties of Matter and Energy Sources. E.D.
Sorokodum (Russia)
• Commercial Exploration of Space. Review by O. Leontyeva
(Russia).
• Prospects of Hydrogen Energetics. Ph.M. Kanarev (Russia)
• Heater Producing Healthy Effect. A.L. Belyaeva and others
(Kirghizia)
• Inertial Propulsion Device. V.E. Senkevich (Russia)
• Unlimited Accelerated Nonreactive Motion. Review.
• Revolutionary Current. S.K. Baliyan (India)
• Tilley Electric Vehicle. Review.
• Trends in the Application of Motor
Generators. A. Akau
(USA)
• Electric Vehicle in Russia. Review by A. Pashova (Russia)
• The Richard Clem Motor and the Conical Pump. R. Koontz (USA)
• Spontaneous Flow Heat Pump. J.
L. Brochet (France)
• Registration of Gravitational Waves. V.N. Petrov (Russia)
• High
Energy Hyper
Low
Frequency Electric Field. Yu.V.
Ivanko (Ukraine)
• To the Question of Work Performed by the Electrostatic Field.
A.V. Frolov (Russia)
• Comments on News on Electro
Reactive LIFTER News.
• Letters from Readers
• Advertisements (books)
2003, №3 (12)
• Work on the Designing of a Time Machines. Vadim A. Cher

nobrov (Russia)
• Control of Temporal Parameters of Physical Processes. Alex

ander V. Frolov (Russia)
• Etherodynamics as a New Field of Physics. Vladimir A. Atsu

kovsky (Russia)
• Electromagnetic Gravitational Interaction Vadim Ya. Kosyev
(Russia)
• Medium For Existing of Matter in Nature. Anatoly V. Rykov
(Russia)
• Adams Motor. Sergey S. Abramov (Russia)
• Field Transformation in the Model of Extended Space. Dmit

ry Yu. Tsipenyuk (Russia)
• Joe Flynn’s Parallel Path Magnetic Technology. Tim Harwood
(USA)
• Flynn Laboratory Photos
• Flux
machine and Its Analogues. Review
• Russian Patents on Alternative Energetics.
• Gravitational Spaceships. Gregory R. Uspensky (Russia)
• On Velocity Of Drive
Free Motion. S.A. Gerasimov , V.V.
Stashenko (Russia)
• Electromagnetic Self
Action. S.A. Gerasimov, A.V. Volos (Russia)
• Uranium Photoaccumulator. Anton I. Yegorov (Russia)
• Global Energy Prize (reportage)
• Teleportation. Alla V. Pashova (Russia)
• “Mass Defect” in Home Conditions. Prokofy V. Sherbak (Rus

sia)
• Aether as Unified Field. Alexander M. Mishin (Russia)
• Global Energy. Philip M. Kanarev (Russia)
• Fusion Processes Of Molecules Of Oxygen, Hydrogen And
Water. Philip M. Kanarev (Russia)
• Plasma Energy Power Generation. Bruce A. Perreault (USA)
• News
• The Marcus Device Controversy. Tim Ventura (USA)
• Systems of conversion of thermal energy to mechanical one.
Review
• I. Prigozin
• Letters
2003, №4 (13)
• Single
Wire And Wireless Electric Power Transmission. N.V.
Kosinov and others (Ukraine)
• The possibility of almost complete transformation of thermal
energy into mechanical one. S.N. Doonaevsky (Russia)
• Inventor Club. Review. Vector Propulsion Engine (Electro

magnetic Version). A. S. Tukanov (Russia)
• Inertial Dynamic Generator. S.N. Schmidt (Russia)
• Latent Potential Energy of Electrical Field. V.D. Dudyshev
(Russia)
• News
• Energy from Air. M.P. Beshok (Russia)
• A Parade of Gravitational Aircrafts. V.A. Chernobrov (Russia)
• Energy from vacuum. Review
• Meeting of Nobel Prize Laureates in Saint Petersburg
• Perpetual Motor With Magnetic Control Elements. Review
• Who Needs A Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion? I.B. Kalugin
(Russia)
• Fuel cells. Edwin Cartlidge (USA)
• Free Energy. Thomas F. Valone (USA)
• Secrets of Nicola Tesla’s Experiments. S.S. Makukhin (Russia)
• Alternative Cold. Review
• High
Efficiency Technology of Magnetic Cooling. E.N. Tishi

na (Russia)
• News
• Interference Disc Electric Generator. Alan L. Francoeur (an
announcement of the future article) (Canada)
• Howard Johnson and his Motor. Review
• Bogomolov’s Centrifugal Generator. V.I. Bogomolov (Russia)
• News
• Magnetic Motor. A.V. Vydrin (Russia)
• “Omega” Anomalous Hydrogen Reactor
• Gravitational Shielding. Harald Chmela (Austria)
• The Concept of Magnetic Gas
2003, №5
6 (14
15)
• News From Our Company
• Novozhilov’s Motor, Y. Novozhilov, Russia
• Self
Action in the case of Magnetic Rotation, S. Gerasimov
and others, Russia
• Capillary Motor, I. Elshansky, Russia
• Gravity
Heat Energy System, V. Sukhanov, Russia
• Modern Perpetual Mobile, Review
• Free Energy and Antigravitation, (Spin Wave Lasers), Ines
Espinosa, USA
• Mechanical Analogies, Y. Ivanko, Ukraina
• Cell of Fine
Plasma Electrolyse, Ph. Kanarev, Russia
• Smith’s Generator, Review.
• Strategy of Over
unity Devices Marketing, R. Wood, USA
• Hutchison Effect, Mark Solis, USA
• Heat Energy Conversion by Means of Non
Linear Dielectric,
A Ries and others, Brasil
• Gates’ Motor, A. Akau, USA
• “Cold Electricity”, A.Akau, USA
• Gravity Conversion Rotary Device
• Torsion Technologies, China
• News
• Antigravitation, B.Smith, USA
• Electric Levitation, MacLeod, Canada
• Perpetual Mobile, V. Likhatchev, Russia
• Interference Generator, A.Francouer, Canada
• A New Paradigm of Time, D. Reed, USA
• On the Rotating Permanent Magnet System, A.Frolov, Russia
• Inventor’s Week, USA
• Patents on Inertial Propulsion Systems
• Bogomolov’s Experiment With Spring Drive, Russia
• History of Perpetual Mobile
• Tesla Energy Science Conference, USA
• Perendev’s Company, Review
• Internet Pages About Free Energy
• Matveev’s Electrical Generator, Russia
• Perpetuum Motor With Magnets, France
• The most interesting of 2003
• Hydrogen Power Engineering, Review
• News on Hydrogen Fuel Cells
• Electric Discharge as Part of the Over
Unity Device, Review
• Subscription page
New Energy Technologies, Issue #1 (16) January – March 2004 95
What Ever Happened To Black Light Power?
By Patrick BAILEY, President INE
New Energy News
VOLUME 10, NUMBER 11
November 2003
www.padrak.com/ine/
Power from light invisible to human eyes: Black Light
Power. It was the talk of the town two years ago. It seemed
to work: more energy came out (seemed to come out) than
went in — so it looked like a promising new form of po

tential energy conversion! They obtained a US Patent!
They filed for another! Life was great! And then — and
then — well… — the best explanation that I have heard is
that the theory people did their measurements, and came
up with why the energy was being released from a new
potential energy source. It was coming from collapsed
states of the hydrogen atom. The good news: it seemed to
be validated by experiment, measurements, and some solid
nuclear theories. The bad news: it violated the current
books on QM, by saying that the current ground state of
hydrogen is not really the lowest energy state of hydro

gen. So – whenever science has come up with proof that
the current accepted theories are wrong — what happens?
Yep! The scientists are publicly labeled as charlatans —
the new US Patent applications were denied, and the old
US Patent was withdrawn.
Why? To protect the quality of your life? No. To protect
or advance science? No. To protect the reputation of the
existing scientists — and — the value of all of those un

sold published books? Of course! It has always happened
this way… Meanwhile, this new science is probably being
secretly researched in other countries. Gee, I wonder
where?
BlackLight Power Inc. conducts research into new sourc

es of energy. BlackLight is the owner of United States
Patent Application No. 09/009,294 entitled “Hydride
Compounds.” As described in BlackLight’s brief, the in

ventions claimed in this and several related patent appli

cations and an issued patent are directed to new energy
technology derived from hydrogen compounds, and new
compositions including conductive magnetic plastics and
corrosion
resistant high
strength coatings.
During examination of the “294 application, the examin

er initially rejected the claims on various grounds includ

ing operability under 35 U.S.C. §101 and enablement and
definiteness under §112. After further prosecution includ

ing discussions of experimental results and the submis

sion of samples, the examiner withdrew the rejection and
allowed the claims. A Notice of Allowance was issued on
October 18, 1999, the issue fee was paid, and issuance was
noticed for February 29, 2000.
Another BlackLight patent application, entitled “Low

er
Energy Hydrogen Methods and Structures”, issued as
United States Patent No. 6,024,935 on February 15, 2000.
Shortly thereafter, prompted by an outside inquiry, the
Director of the Group that had examined these applica

tions was made aware of both the “935 patent and the
imminent issuance of the “294 application. By Declara

tion filed in the district court, Group Director Kepplin

ger stated that upon reading the patent her “main con

cern was the proposition that the applicant was claiming
the electron going to a lower orbital in a fashion that I
knew was contrary to the known laws of physics and
chemistry”. Director Kepplinger believed that the “935
patent and the “294 application were directed to similar
subject matter, and contacted Robert Spar, Director of
the Special Program Law Office in the Office of the Dep

uty Assistant Commissioner for Patents. Director Spar
stated by Declaration that Director Kepplinger expressed
concern that the “294 application “possibly had serious
and substantial patentability problems and asked me to
withdraw it from issue for further review”.
On February 15, 2000 a Notice was issued to BlackLight,
stating that the “294 application “is being withdrawn from
issue pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.313... to permit reopening
of prosecution... [as] requested by the Director, Special
Program Law Office”. It is undisputed that no one in

volved in the withdrawal had reviewed the “294 patent
application before issuance of the Notice; at the argument
of this appeal the PTO Solicitor stated that the applica

tion was not available for review because the file was in
Pennsylvania for printing of the patent document.
BlackLight’s attorneys made prompt inquiries about the
withdrawal. The PTO treated the inquiries as a petition
to the Commissioner requesting reversal of the withdraw

al. On March 22, 2000 the petition was denied by deci

sion of Assistant Deputy Commissioner Kunin. The de

cision stated that “[t]he PTO has an obligation to issue
patents that meet the statutory requirements for patent

ability”, and concluded that Director Kepplinger did not
act improperly in obtaining withdrawal of the “294 ap

plication for further examination. The decision referred
to Director Kepplinger”s concern about the correctness
of the scientific theory set forth in the issued “935 patent,
described in the decision as “the discovery that energy
was released by stimulating hydrogen atoms to relax, and,
in so doing, to shrink to smaller radii, and to also attain
energy levels below their “ground state” according to a
“novel atomic model”” and Director Kepplinger’s belief
that the “294 application was based on the same theory.
The decision stated that Commissioner Kunin”s inspec

tion of the “294 application “reveals that this invention is
asserted [sic] to matters containing fractional quantum
numbers. Such fractional quantum numbers do not con

form to the known laws of physics and chemistry”. The
decision did not further discuss patentability, but stated
that the application would be returned to examination.
Meanwhile, on March 1, 2000 BlackLight filed suit
against the PTO Commissioner (now denominated “Di

rector”) in the United States District Court for the Dis

trict of Columbia, charging that the withdrawal was con

trary to law and in violation of the Administrative Pro

cedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §701 et seq. BlackLight argued that
35 U.S.C. §151 compels issuance when the issue fee has
been paid
From any month of 2004!
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