ighly localized nuclear activation in electrochemical systems and other electrical discharge processes have been observed by many laboratories in world

Journal of Theoretics
Volume 5-6, Dec 2003/Jan 2004
Torsion Field Effect and Zero-Point
Energy in Electrical Discharge Systems
Xiong-wei Wen wenxw@tsinghua.edu.cn
Mechanical Engineering Department, Tsinghua Univ. Beijing 100084, China
Xing-liu Jiang jiangxl@buaa.edu.cn
Science School, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100083, China
Li-jun Han
Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100083, China
Abstract: Highly localized nuclear activation in electrochemical systems and other electrical
discharge processes have been observed by many laboratories in world. There is an attempt to
explain such anomalous phenomena by using torsion field theory and axion model in this
report. Anisotopic behaviours of radiation products, burst charaster, “heat after death” of
excess energy release in electrical discharge systems are considered to be interpreted by the
torsion coherence of vortex dynamics with the zero-point energy induced by localized intense
field emission of micro-protrusion of the cathode, and the dynamic Casimir effect of transient
evolution of triple region of gas, liquid solution, and electrode protrusion. Axion model and
Primakoff effect are proposed for explanation of nuclear transmutation without noticeable
gamma radiation. Nuclear products with high concentration, unidentified tracks with highly
collimated lines of low energy nuclear reactions in the electrochemical systems were recorded
by CR-39 solid detectors and photo-films, and localized spots with chemical alterations were
observed at our laboratory. It is suggested to carry out intensive study of vortex dynamic for
explaining the anomalous in wide area of nature and laboratories. Analysis of vortex dynamics
with wide range from pitting corrosion of electrochemical system, laboratory plasma, tornado,
to quasar spiral model with extremely high energy cosmic rays in the centre region, leads to a
conclusion for that vortex dynamics creates torsion fields responding to the anomalous effects.
Keywords: torsion field, zero-point energy, discharge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Many laboratories in world have observed nuclear reactions and excess heat in
electrochemical systems. The mechanism of such anomalous phenomena is not being
well understood according to normally accepted physics.
Nuclear products with high concentration and tracks with highly collimated lines of
low energy nuclear reactions in the electrochemical systems were recorded by CR-39
solid detectors and films at our laboratory [1,2]. These facts suggest that quasar model
with spiral structure and extremely high enrage cosmic rays in the centre could be used
for explanation of the mechanism. It is supposed to use the concept of torsion field to
interpret the observed phenomena, typically, the properties of axial acceleration, memory
effect, and the polarized nuclear reactions with torsion effect [3].
II. PHENOMENA IN NATURE AND AT LABORATORIES
The vortex and spiral structures are the archetype that appears at all levels of nature
and laboratories, for example, atom structure, vortex lattice in superconductors, dense
plasma focus, lightning, quasar etc.
Recent report of dark matter annihilation at the galactic centre describes that the
cold dark matter near the galactic centre is accreted by the central black hole into a dense
spike [4]. Particle dark matter annihilation makes the spike to be a compact source of
photons, electrons, positrons, protons, antiprotons, and neutrinos. It remind us for that
there is a similarity among pitting corrosion with electrochemical noise, laboratory
plasma pinching (dense plasma focus, for example), fast laser induced ion beams[5],and
quasar spiral model with high-energy cosmic rays in spiral centre in spite of large
dimension difference. Comparing the experimental results of electrochemical cells with
excess heat and nuclear transmutation to astrophysics phenomena, it is supposed that the
investigation of vortex dynamics of torsion coherence with the zero-point energy is
essential for tapping the zero-point energy.
As it is predicted by quantum mechanics that the vacuum is seething with active
energy, even at temperature of zero point Kelvin. This zero-point energy (ZPE) can be
thought as an infinite number of virtual photons that popping out of the vacuum and
going back in, but should a measurable effect en masse. To exam the origin of ZPE
background, the interaction of matter with the ZPE can be treated on the basis of charged
point particles interaction with a background of electromagnetic zero-point radiation with
spectral-energy density.
Based on observation in the experiments, the following features are considered in
order to understand the experimental results with electrical discharge systems.
A. ELECTROCHEMICAL DOUBLE LAYER
In an electrolytic cell, the electrolysis with high conductivity and the
electrochemical double layer with large layer-capacitance lead to a typical structure of the
cathode potential distribution similar to the cathode drop of glow discharge in low gas
pressure. For a compact layer the thickness of the double layer is equal to one ionic layer,
across which there is a linear fall of potential. Thus, high electric field exists in some
regions on the surface of the cathode.
The local enhancement of the electric field on the cathode surface with the double
layer is related to the protrusions and cracks similar to the tip discharge in air or in a
vacuum. The current distribution depends strongly on the surface roughness and the work
function of the electron emission. A high transient current density (> 10
8
A/cm
2
) could be
expected due to enhanced field.
B. ENERGY CONCENTRATION
On the cathode surface, the high persistent electrical fields (>10
7
V/cm) and large
equivalent capacitance (>250μF/cm
2
) lead to a high energy concentration in the double
layer [6]. The concentrated field on the tips of the protrusions or cracks after a longloading
period with deuterium on the palladium cathode surface creates a high transient
electron flux because of the large distributed capacitance and the negligible inductance in
a localized discharge mini-network. The experimental data show that the reactions take
place only in some restricted areas that have specific properties. The idea of micro fusion
due to the results of energy concentration and the high deuteron flux could be used to
explain the nuclear transmutation.
C. TORSION FIELD AND THEIR EXPERIMENTAL MANIFESTATIONS
Elementary particles have the moment of quantity of motion, i.e. spin. If in any
substance the spins of particle have a preferable direction, then is interpreted as spin
polarization of the substance. Every substance creates a torsion-field (or called spin-field
or axion field) in the space surrounding it when polarized by spins [7]. The superposition
of torsion field, generated by the atomic and nuclear spins of each molecule, determines
the intensity of torsion field in the space surrounding each molecule. Torsion field has
strong penetration ability and does not interact with the crystal lattice of substances. The
torsion field created by rotation of some sort of matter is concentrated in two opposite
beams propagating along the rotation axis. The intensity of torsion-field with some lower
constant value can be retained for several weeks after the rotation is stopped. Such the
property of vortex mater has been observed recently in type II superconductors with
magnetic flux line lattice [8]. The studies of vortex matter of type II superconductors
have shown a number puzzling phenomena associated with vortex motion, including:
low-frequency noise and slow voltage oscillations; a history-dependent dynamic
response, and memory of the direction, amplitude duration and frequency of the
previously applied current.
Some behaviours of the torsion-field effect have been observed in the experiments of
electrolysis regarding to so-called cold fusion, such as the gas bubble chains come out
from the protrusions of the cathode surface for long time after switching off the
electrolysis potential. The more surprising thing is the heat after death, which has been
recorded by many labs. This phenomenon could be explained by the persistence effect of
torsion-field produced by vortex dynamics of tip effect.
D. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
CR-39 plastic films possessing with a high degree of optical clarity and isotope in
track response, and been sensitive to neutron, proton, tritium, alpha, and other charged
particles, were used to detect the products of nuclear reactions. The films of CR-39 were
immersed in the NaOH electrolyte of heavy water and placed adjacent to the tips of the
cathode [9]. After 110 hours, electrolysis experiment with the applied voltage 1 V and
current 2 ma, the solid detector was etched by 6.25 N NaOH solution in 70C for 11
hours. The photomicrograph shows the cluster of tracks with a cycle crater of 100μm in
diameter and 25μm in depth. According to the etching condition, the energies of the most
of the particles, P, T, α are estimated roughly to be in the range of 1-4 MeV. On the
backside of same region of the CR-39 film detector, one can clearly see a few of tracks in
the circle area or nearby. Such tracks are believed to be created by recoil-protons of
forward incident neutrons. Highly concentration of the cluster of nuclear tracks could be
explained by the quasar spiral model and by the crystal channelling effect (figure 1). The
experimental results of the generation of tritium with single crystal metal of Pd show that
none of the generation of tritium has been revealed by using non-single crystal electrodes
[10]. The important of the crystal channelling effect for nuclear reactions in the
electrochemical systems can be inferred.
Figure 1. Schematic
presentation of a
micropinch spiral by tip
effect in the electrolysis
cell: a) tip of the
electrode; b) spiral
structure of micropinch;
c) electron beam; d)
crystal channel; e) ion
beam.
To determine the spatial distribution of radiation active sites (RAS), Black-white 135
films of 27 DIN have been used to image the position of the RAS. After 1.5 yeardeposition
in glass tube of finishing electrolysis experiments with light water electrolyte
for more than 200 hours running, the patterns of RSA have been clearly formed on the
films after exposure of 100 hours [2]. The bright spots corresponding to the tips of
palladium cathode edges can be seen due to the tip effect. The effect of magnetic field on
the traces of the charged particles has been observed while the Pd samples exposing to
the films, which were folding and wrapping up the sample, were inserted between a
couple magnets. The tracks stretching along the film surfaces confirm that the tracks were
created by charged particles, electrons for example, with low energy about some keVs.
Highly oriented tracks can be observed by autoradiography by using normal films locally
(Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Autoradiography of
charged particles tracks
of beta delay isotopes on
the surface palladium
cathode. Some tracks of
beta particles are
paralleling the cathode
surface.
E. SONOLUMINESCENCE AND “BUBBLE NUCLEAR FUSION”
Some scientists of Oak Ridge National Laboratory in America reported their articles
of bubbles experiments in Science. Experimental results show that the radiation lights of
sonoluminescence possess three characters: short duration with picoseconds; wide
continual spectrum; highly oriented thin beams. Based on those characters, vortex
dynamics with axial acceleration of bubble collapse could be inferred. Nuclear reaction
with abnormal gamma radiation was observed [11]. Dr.Claudia Eberlein describes her
conclusion on sonoluminescence that only the ZPE spectrum matches the light emission
spectrum, which must be a ZPE phenomena [12]. The effect of torsion field on nuclear
reactions along the axis of vortex should be taken into consideration for the low ratio of
the nuclear products of n/T due to spin polarization of reaction particles.
The axion model and Primakoff effect are proposed for explanation of nuclear
transmutation without noticeable gamma radiation. Many laboratories in world have been
engaged in several experiments to search for axions, light neutral pseudoscalar particles
yet to be discovered. The axion would be produced in the solar core through the
Primakoff effect if its mass is a few electron-volts and could be detected in the laboratory
III. CONCLUSION
Researchers of new energy study of “cold fusion” type should pay great attention to
the general processes of electrolysis to find the key points, which could play major role in
the transit form the electrochemical processes to processes of torsion and the nuclear
processes. From the authors’ point of view, the evolution of double layers is of
importance to understand the anomalous effect, typically on the protrusions of cathode.
The change of space-time near the tips due to torsion field generated is expected to
delivery the zero-point energy, and dynamic Casimir effect for the evolution of gas
bubbles on the tips are expected to generate photons and excess heat [1]. The yields of
transmutation products are related to the current distribution on the cathode surface. The
cathodes of thin wire were benefit to the generation of nuclear reactions and excess heat
for electrochemical systems. Careful examination of the evolution of electrochemical
double layer will lead to a good understanding of pitting corrosion with electrochemical
noise, and further to recognize the anomalous excess heat and nuclear reactions.
Heat after death was observed in many laboratories. It is believed that the
persistence behaviours of torsion field could be used to explain such anomalous
phenomena. The contact between beads coated with a thin metallic layer or multilayered
film and palladium black particles could be regarded as point-contact similar to the tipeffect
[13]. We may say that, it is expected to reveal the puzzles of the mechanisms of
high-Tc superconductivity with pinning vortices by torsion field theory [14,15].
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Received March 16, 2003.
© Journal of Theoretics, Inc. 2003